BASIC TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION - INTRAC
set of basic tools. These include interviews, focus group discussions, observation, photography, video, surveys, questionnaires and case studies. Data may also be generated through direct measurement, reviewing secondary data, and informal project / programme management processes. Many different methodologies can be used for data
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Theory of Change - INTRAC
www.intrac.org1 1. The reality of change Theory of Change is nothing new. It is not just a donor fad or yet another hoop to jump through. It is an on-going process of reflection to explore change and how
Theory of Change - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgA Theory of Change approach to planning and evaluation is increasingly being considered an essential practice for many organisations, programmes and projects. Theories of Change can be
PARTICIPATORY LEARNING AND ACTION (PLA)
www.intrac.orgPLA was originally called Participatory Rural (or Rapid) Appraisal (PRA). It became very popular in the 1980s and 1990s, and has since kept its popularity with many CSOs. PRA was originally designed for use during appraisals and needs assessments in rural areas. However, it can be used at any stage of the project cycle – design, planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation: New Developments and …
www.intrac.orgConference overview As development organisations, we are all finding ourselves placing a greater emphasis on measuring for results, on looking for evidence of impact, on justifying our effectiveness and on responding to a growing demand for accountability. Development organisations are continually experimenting with innovative
PROCESS TRACING
www.intrac.orgPROCESS TRACING . Process tracing is a qualitative analysis methodology. The main purpose of process tracing is to establish whether, and how, a potential cause or causes influenced a specified change or set of changes. This is done by applying formal tests to examine the strength of evidence linking potential causes to the changes.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE METHODS - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgquantitative methods are seen as weaker, qualitative methods are seen as (relatively) stronger. Some of the main strengths of qualitative methods are listed below, and are summarised in the diagram above. As with the section on quantitative methods, these are general rules only, and there are often exceptions. Quantitative methods ...
SECONDARY DATA SOURCES - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgFurther papers in the M&E Universe explain other simple data collection tools and methods. To access these papers directly, click on the relevant links below. Author(s): INTRAC . Contributor(s): ... Interviews Focus group discussions Observation Photography and video Surveys and questionnaires Case studies and stories of change
QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (QCA) - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgQualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), developed by Charles Ragin in the 1970s, was originally developed as a research methodology. Lately, it has increasingly been applied within monitoring and evaluation (M&E). QCA is a methodology that enables the analysis of multiple cases in complex situations, and can help explain why change
THEORY OF CHANGE
www.intrac.orgTheories of Change can be developed in many ways. Common elements include ... stakeholder analysis or gender analysis might also be used. And if others have conducted similar assessments in the past then their findings can be used to arrive at a consensus.
CASE STUDIES AND STORIES OF CHANGE - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgCase studies are usually written, but can also be presented as photographs, drawings or videos. In some circumstances case studies have been presented as songs or dramas. There is no fixed size for a written case study. A case study can vary in length between a few lines of text and an entire book. Stories of change are similar to case studies ...
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Focus Group Brief - Project Management Tools
www.mmgconnect.comFocus groups are group interviews that give the researcher the ability to capture deeper information more economically than individual interviews. Economy is an important benefit but there are other benefits of focus groups when compared to interviews. Group interaction and non-verbal communication are primary benefits of focus groups.
Qualitative Data Collection
www.sagepub.comInterviews: one-on-one question-and-answer sessions where the researcher may use a variety of techniques. Interviews average 30–45 minutes per person. Focus groups: group interviews, using the same variety of techniques and taking approximately the same length of time as interviews. Data collected directly in words from people (Continued)
Anthropological Approaches: Uncovering Unexpected Insights ...
pcmh.ahrq.gov3. Skillful group facilitation by a trained focus group moderator. 4. The presence of an observer who keeps process notes, operates the recording equipment, and assists the moderator as needed. Focus groups usually include 6 to 12 participants, and last 1 to 2 hours. Discussions are audio . recorded and transcribed with participants ...
Data collection in qualitative research
ebn.bmj.comFocus groups The focus group is a method of data collection in which a moderator/facilitator (usually a coresearcher) speaks with a group of 6–12 participants about issues related to the research question. As an approach, the focus group offers qualitative researchers an efficient method of gathering the views of many participants at one time.
Focus Groups as Qualitative Research
study.sagepub.comwhere focus groups depart most from standard practices in other qualitative methods. The fact that they are group interviews is the source of most of these planning needs. In particular, the need to bring together several participants requires attention to who the participants are and how the researcher will interact with them as a group. Once
PRACTICAL GUIDE Focus Group Discussions
www.crs.orgA focus group discussion is a qualitative data collection method that engages 6 to 12 people—with shared characteristics pertinent to the specific discussion topic—and is led by a trained facilitator. The shared characteristics may relate to a particular problem, livelihoods occupation, age, social group, place of residence, experience of ...
Qualitative data collection techniques
www.gfmer.chconduct observation • Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions • Able to prepare for interview • Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions • Conduct focus group discussions
Data Gathering Methods and Instruments Introduction
www.icao.int(b) Interviews (c) Focus groups (d) Surveys (e) Observation or testing. While each has many possible variations, we will discuss their typical use here. Basic Principles . Here are some basic principles to keep in mind when selecting methods. 1. Consider the characteristics of your target population. A target population is the group of people