QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE METHODS
Quantitative and qualitative methods generate different types of data. In general, quantitative methods result in quantitative data, whilst qualitative methods produce qualitative data. • Quantitative data. is expressed in numbers (e.g. units, prices, proportions, rates of change and ratios). • Qualitative data. is expressed as words (e.g.
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Theory of Change - INTRAC
www.intrac.org1 1. The reality of change Theory of Change is nothing new. It is not just a donor fad or yet another hoop to jump through. It is an on-going process of reflection to explore change and how
Theory of Change - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgA Theory of Change approach to planning and evaluation is increasingly being considered an essential practice for many organisations, programmes and projects. Theories of Change can be
PARTICIPATORY LEARNING AND ACTION (PLA)
www.intrac.orgPLA was originally called Participatory Rural (or Rapid) Appraisal (PRA). It became very popular in the 1980s and 1990s, and has since kept its popularity with many CSOs. PRA was originally designed for use during appraisals and needs assessments in rural areas. However, it can be used at any stage of the project cycle – design, planning,
BASIC TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgObservation: At its most simple, observation involves ‘seeing’ things – such as objects, processes, relationships, events – and formally recording the information. There are different types of observation. Structured or direct observation is a process in which observations are recorded against an agreed checklist.
Monitoring and Evaluation: New Developments and …
www.intrac.orgConference overview As development organisations, we are all finding ourselves placing a greater emphasis on measuring for results, on looking for evidence of impact, on justifying our effectiveness and on responding to a growing demand for accountability. Development organisations are continually experimenting with innovative
PROCESS TRACING
www.intrac.orgPROCESS TRACING . Process tracing is a qualitative analysis methodology. The main purpose of process tracing is to establish whether, and how, a potential cause or causes influenced a specified change or set of changes. This is done by applying formal tests to examine the strength of evidence linking potential causes to the changes.
SECONDARY DATA SOURCES - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgFurther papers in the M&E Universe explain other simple data collection tools and methods. To access these papers directly, click on the relevant links below. Author(s): INTRAC . Contributor(s): ... Interviews Focus group discussions Observation Photography and video Surveys and questionnaires Case studies and stories of change
QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (QCA) - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgQualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), developed by Charles Ragin in the 1970s, was originally developed as a research methodology. Lately, it has increasingly been applied within monitoring and evaluation (M&E). QCA is a methodology that enables the analysis of multiple cases in complex situations, and can help explain why change
THEORY OF CHANGE
www.intrac.orgTheories of Change can be developed in many ways. Common elements include ... stakeholder analysis or gender analysis might also be used. And if others have conducted similar assessments in the past then their findings can be used to arrive at a consensus.
CASE STUDIES AND STORIES OF CHANGE - INTRAC
www.intrac.orgCase studies are usually written, but can also be presented as photographs, drawings or videos. In some circumstances case studies have been presented as songs or dramas. There is no fixed size for a written case study. A case study can vary in length between a few lines of text and an entire book. Stories of change are similar to case studies ...
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Quantitative vs. Qualitative - TAMUC
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QUALITATIVE EVALUATION CHECKLIST
wmich.eduappropriate for an evaluative inquiry and factors to consider (1) to select qualitative approaches that are particularly appropriate for a given evaluation’s expected uses and answer the evaluation’s questions, (2) to collect high quality and credible qualitative evaluation data, and (3) to analyze and report qualitative evaluation findings. 1.