Tutorial on Digital Phase-Locked Loops - CppSim
M.H. Perrott 4 What is a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)? de Bellescize Onde Electr, 1932 ref(t) e(t) v(t) out(t) VCO efficiently provides oscillating waveform with variable frequency PLL synchronizes VCO frequency to input reference frequency through feedback
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Tutorial on Digital Phase-Locked Loops
cppsim.comM.H. Perrott 5 Integer-N Frequency Synthesizers Use digital counter structure to divide VCO frequency-Constraint: must divide by integer values Use PLL to synchronize reference and divider output Sepe and Johnston US Patent (1968) Output frequency is digitally controlled ref(t) e(t) Analog v(t) out(t) Loop Filter Phase
S- Parameters and Impedance Transformers
cppsim.comFor high speed circuits with transmission lines, achieving maximum power transfer is important-Maximum power transfer coincides with having zero reflections (i.e., L = 0) Can we ever win on both issues? Voltage Power 25
Subthreshold Operation and gm/Id design - CppSim
cppsim.comTransconductance in Subthreshold Region Assuming device is in subthreshold and in saturation: 12 Id Vgs Id_op Vds > 100mV M1 Id Vgs NMOS g s d gm = ΔV gs ΔId Vgs_op Vgs_op ⇒ gm = δId δVgs ≈ID0 W L eVgs/(nVt) 1 nVt = Id nVt Recall for strong inversion : gm ≈ 2Id (Vgs −VTH) ID ≈ID0 W L eVgs/(nVt) g m purely a function of I d!
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