Foundation of Curriculum in Ethiopia: Historical ...

1 Foundation of Curriculum in Ethiopia Aweke Shishigu Foundation of Curriculum in Ethiopia: Historical , Philosophical, Psychological and Sociological Perspectives Aweke Shishigu A paper presented in the 33rd May Annual International Educational Conference of Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia (May 8-9, 2015) Abstract Foundations are the forces that influence the minds of Curriculum developers, which affect the content and structure of the Curriculum .

2 These forces are beliefs and orientations as well as conceptions of learning and the needs of society. Foundation of Curriculum is rooted with the Foundation of education. Historically, modern Curriculum and education in Ethiopia is associated with traditional church education, mainly the Orthodox Church. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Curriculum is not well organized and written as a document and the duration of the program is not explicitly given; it depends only on the achievement of the individual and his motivation.

3 The notion of education in Ethiopia is started in sixth century, the entrance of Christianity. The church continues to dominate the education system in Ethiopia until modern education was introduced in 1908. Many social problems forced the Emperor to think of modern education and hence he launched it with many resistances from the church. For many years the philosophy of church education influences modern education, the attitude of secretiveness that is keeping knowledge secret from others and rote memorization.

4 However, the contents and purpose of education depends on the political ideology of the Emperors. Human beings require social interaction. This concept of social being leads to the view of living together. In Ethiopian culture there is no experience sharing rather there is secretes an individual cannot share his/her knowledge to others, because of not to be harmed by others. However development which implies quality education is the result of our interaction, our debates and shared vision. Contemporary educationalists argue that education must serve the purpose of social life that brings people together (social reconstructionism).

5 The very important Foundation for modern education in Ethiopia is sociology. Emperor Menelik II who introduce modern education is because of the sociological crisis the country felt at large. Of this economic issue takes largest account. The church school epistemology which is emphasizing on rote learning and memorization, affects the pedagogy of modern education in Ethiopia. Hence reform is required in the education system, from rote memorization to conceptual understanding, from modernism to post modernism.

6 Key words: sociology, psychology, philosophy, rote memorization, modernism, post modernism, quality education PhD Candidate, Department of Science and Mathematics Education, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Email: Foundation of Curriculum in Ethiopia Aweke Shishigu 2 Introduction Foundations are the forces that influence the minds of Curriculum developers. These forces are actually beliefs and orientations as well as conceptions of learning and the needs of society.

7 Curriculum developers need to make decisions about the goals of the Curriculum , what content to include, how it should be organized, how it should be taught and how to determine effectiveness of the Curriculum . To decide the above issues philosophy, psychology, sociology and history plays a pivotal role. These have been accepted as the foundations of a Curriculum . Of the above decisions four of them are questions raised by Ralph Tailor in 1949 in his book basic principles of Curriculum and instruction.

8 Foundation of Curriculum is rooted with the Foundation of education. This article therefore elaborates the Historical , sociological, philosophical and psychological Foundation of Curriculum in Ethiopia. Fig. Foundation of Curriculum Debate is still continuing as to the definition of Curriculum . It has varied definitions and this variation is due to our position or Curriculumpsychological foundationHistorical Foundation Sociological foundationPhilosophical foundationFoundation of Curriculum in Ethiopia Aweke Shishigu 3 approach or philosophical basis or our understanding of the world in general.

9 According to Ornstein (1987), the best known approaches to Curriculum definition are behavioral, managerial, intellectual, humanistic and re-conceptualist. Each of them have their own position, for instance behaviorist hold the view that goals and objectives must be specified and organized in step- by- step manner. Managerial approach on the other hand is interested in relating themes such as change and innovation and how Curriculum specialists and supervisors can facilitate these processes.

10 But Curriculum specialist is seen as a practitioner not as an educational leader, they are simply a change agent. Intellectual is a knowledge oriented approach is sometimes called traditional (Ibid). Humanistic approach holds the view of progressivism. They believe that the formal or specified Curriculum is not the only Curriculum to consider; the informal and hidden curriculums are also useful. Re-conceptualists focus in moral issues of education and controlling as well as preserving existing order.