Culture of Fish in Rice Fields - Food and Agriculture ...

1 ICHAPTER | Top i cCulture of fi sh in rice fi elds Edited byMatthias HalwartModadugu V. Guptaii FAO and The WorldFish Center | Culture of fish in rice FieldsCulture of fi sh in rice fi eldsEdited byMatthias HalwartModadugu V. Gupta2004 Published by FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy andthe WorldFish Center, PO Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, MalaysiaHalwart, M. and Gupta (eds.) 2004. Culture of fi sh in rice fi elds. FAO and The WorldFish Center, 83 of this document:The original manuscript was prepared by Mr. F. Yap with contributions from Mssrs. Tripathi, G. Chapman, S. Funge-Smith, and Li. Mr. H. Guttman reviewed and condensed the manuscript. Valuable comments and suggestions on later versions were received from Mssrs.

2 P. Balzer, Fernando, W. Settle, K. Gallagher, R. Labrada, and H. van der Wulp. The fi nal inputs and revisions were provided by the editors M. Halwart and designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or of the WorldFish Center concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Cataloguing-in-Publication DataCulture of fi sh in rice fi elds / edited by Matthias Halwart, Modadugu V.

3 Gupta. Includes bibliography. ISBN 983-2346-33-9 1. Freshwater fi shes. 2. fish - Culture . I. Halwart, Matthias. II. Gupta, Modadugu V. photos by: WorldFish photo collection ISBN 983-2346-33-9 WorldFish Center Contribution No. 1718 FAO and The WorldFish Center 2004 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational and other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission from the copyright holders.

4 Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing and Multimedia Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or to the Managing Editor, The WorldFish Center, PO Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia (worldfi by Practical Printers Sdn. WorldFish Center is one of the 15 international research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated the public awareness cam paign, Future | Top i cContentsForeword ..1. Introduction ..2. History ..3. The rice field Ecosystem .. Types of Riceland The Wet rice field Factors affecting fi sh and other aquatic Factors affecting rice fi eld Impact of aquatic fauna on the rice fi eld The rice fi eld as a fi sh Culture system4.)

5 Modification of rice Fields for fish Culture .. Increasing Dike (Bund) Provisions of Weirs or Provision of fish fish pits or Ponds in rice fi rice fi elds in Ponds connected to rice fi fish pen within a rice fi eld5. Production Systems .. Concurrent rice and fi rice and fi sh with rice and Concurrent but compartmentalized Culture Rotational fish as a second Crustaceans as a second Alternating Culture System6. Agronomic and Aquaculture Management .. Pre-Stocking Water Needs and rice The fish Fry and fi ngerling Stocking pattern and fish nutrition and supplemental feeding 7. rice - fish Production .. fish rice -fi rice -fi sh-azollav135566710101112121212121315151 6171718181819192121212222232323232424242 5293032323232 Contentsiv FAO and The WorldFish Center | Culture of fish in rice rice and Polyculture rice Yields8.

6 Pest Management .. Managing Pests with fish Management of rice field Management of Management of insect Management of Management of Diseases9. Impact of rice - fish Culture .. Economics of The bottom line Input Benefi ts to Improved income status of Improved Public Social Impact on the Water Participation of Macro-Economic Impact10. Experiences of Various Countries .. East SouthEast South Africa, Middle East and West The Former Soviet South America and the The United States11. Prospects and Program for the Future .. Major Issues and Research and Development Institutional Policy and Support Mainstreaming rice -fi sh Popularization of the Training and Fingerling Financing12.

7 Conclusion ..13. R e f e r e n c e s ..33343440404142424445484848484949525253 5454545454555656575960606162626264646465 6666666667676870vCHAPTER | Top i cFOREWORDF orewordRice today is grown in 113 countries in the world in a wide range of ecological conditions and water regimes. The cultivation of most rice crops in irrigated, rainfed and deepwater systems offers a suitable environment for fi sh and other aquatic organisms. Over 90% of the world s rice , equivalent to approximately 134 million hectares, is grown under these fl ooded conditions providing not only home to a wide range of aquatic organisms, but also offering opportunities for their enhancement and purpose of this review is to synthesize available information and highlight the important role that aquaculture in rice -based farming systems can play for food security and poverty alleviation.

8 Aquatic production, in addition to the rice crop itself, is a critically important resource for rural livelihoods in developing countries; its local consumption and marketing are particularly important for food security as it is the most readily available, most reliable and cheapest source of animal protein and fatty acids both for farming households as well as for the review describes the history of the practice and the different rice ecosystems in which fi sh farming takes place. The various production systems, including modifi cations of the rice fi elds necessary for integrating fi sh farming, and the agronomic and aquaculture management are examined.

9 Pest management in rice has evolved tremendously over the past decades, and the Culture of fi sh and other aquatic organisms can reinforce environmentally and economically sound farming real and potential impact of rice -fi sh farming in terms of improved income and improved nutrition is signifi cant but generally underestimated and undervalued. Hidden benefi ts of rice -fi sh farming such as risk reduction through diversifi cation of the farming system may have a strong attraction to many farmers and their families. fish can be sold directly, or may reduce the dependence of families on other livestock which can then be traded for income.

10 Also, fi sh from the rice fi elds may not be sold but the production may be used to feed relatives and those who assist in rice harvesting, a benefi t which could almost be considered essential in families with a labour shortage. The time for emphasizing the importance of rice -fi sh farming is particularly relevant in light of the currently celebrated UN International Year of rice fish from rice fi elds have contributed in the past, and continue to contribute today, towards food security and poverty alleviation of many people in rural areas. With signifi cant changes particularly in pest management and fi sh seed availability taking place in many rice -producing countries, there is now considerable potential for rice -fi sh farming to further expand its contribution to improve the livelihoods and food security of the rural HalwartFisheries Department, Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United GuptaWorldFish Center1 The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) declared the year 2004 the International Year of rice (IYR)