Historical Developments in Public Health and the 21st Century

1 CHAPTER. 2. Historical Developments in Public Health and the 21st Century James A. Johnson, James Allen Johnson III, and Cynthia B. Morrow LEARNING OBJECTIVES. t To better understand the Historical context of Public Health t To gain perspective on the role of Public Health in society t To grasp the key milestones in the evolution of Public Health practice and policy t To understand recent reform and its implications for the future of Public Health Chapter Overview 1 VCMJD IFBMUI BENJOJTUSBUJPO BOE QSBDUJDF DPNQSJTFT PSHBOJ[FE F PSUT UP JNQSPWF UIF IFBMUI . PG QPQVMBUJPOT 1 VCMJD IFBMUI QSFWFOUJPO TUSBUFHJFT UBSHFU QPQVMBUJPOT SBUIFS UIBO JOEJWJEVBMT.]

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3 BOE JOJUJBUJWFT XJMM OFFE UP CF EFWFMPQFE F SPMF PG QVCMJD IFBMUI XJMM VOEPVCUFEMZ CF DFOUSBM . UP UIF XFMMCFJOH PG UIF OBUJPO BOE UIF XPSME . 11. 11 23/04/13 10:03 AM. 12 Chapter 2 Historical Developments in Public Health and the 21st Century Early History of Public Health -JUUMF JT LOPXO BCPVU UIF IFBMUI PG UIF IVOUJOH BOE HBUIFSJOH QFPQMF PG QSFIJTUPSJD UJNFT . 1 BMFPQBUIPMPHZ IBT TIPXO UIBU EJTFBTF OPU POMZ FYJTUFE JO BOUJRVJUZ CVU UIBU JU IBT BMXBZT . PDDVSSFE JO IVNBOT JO UIF TBNF CBTJD GPSNT TVDI BT JOGFDUJPO JO BNNBUJPO EJTUVSCBODF PG . EFWFMPQNFOU BOE NFUBCPMJTN BOE UVNPST 8 IFO IVNBOT CFHBO UP BHHSFHBUF JOUP MBSHFS NPSF.

4 QFSNBOFOU TFUUMFNFOUT XJUI UIF JOUSPEVDUJPO PG BHSJDVMUVSBM UFDIOJRVFT BOE UIF EPNFTUJDBUJPO . PG BOJNBMT UIFZ GVOEBNFOUBMMZ BMUFSFE UIF XBZ UIFZ MJWFE 8 JUI UIF BEPQUJPO PG BO BHSBSJBO . TPDJFUZ IVNBOT CFHBO UP MJWF JO DMPTFS DPOUBDU JO DPNNVOJUJFT TVQQPSUFE CZ UIF QSPEVDUJPO . PG GPPE FTF OFX UZQFT PG IVNBO TFUUMFNFOUT SFDPOTUSVDUFE UIF FDPTZTUFNT PWFS XIJDI UIFZ . QSFTJEFE VTIFSJOH B GVOEBNFOUBM TIJGU JO IPX IVNBOT JOUFSBDUFE XJUI FBDI PUIFS BOE UIFJS . FOWJSPONFOUT FTF OFX EFOTFS MJWJOH BSSBOHFNFOUT B PSEFE JOOVNFSBCMF NJDSPPSHBOJTNT B . OFX FDPMPHJDBM OJDIF UP FYQMPJU QBWJOH UIF XBZ GPS QFTUJMFODF FQJEFNJDT BOE EJTFBTF 'PS.

5 FYBNQMF IVNBO TFUUMFNFOUT P FSFE HSFBUFS PQQPSUVOJUZ GPS DPOTUBOU DPOUBDU XJUI JOUFTUJOBM . QBSBTJUFT DBSSJFE UISPVHI IVNBO GFDFT XIFSFBT DPOTUBOUMZ NPCJMF CBOET PG IVOUFST BOE HBUIFS- FST XFSF MFTT MJLFMZ UP BDRVJSF TVDI JOGFDUJPOT 1 FSNBOFOU BOE TFNJQFSNBOFOU TFUUMFNFOUT UIF . EPNFTUJDBUJPO PG QMBOUT BOE BOJNBMT BOE UIF VSCBOJ[BUJPO PG IVNBO TPDJFUZ GPSFWFS BMUFSFE UIF . EJTFBTF FOWJSPONFOU PG UIF IVNBO TQFDJFT 'SPN UIF NPTU BODJFOU UJNFT PG SFDPSEFE IJTUPSZ . BMM IVNBO TPDJFUJFT IBWF CFFO B FDUFE CZ UIF DPOUJOHFODJFT PG JMMOFTT BOE IFBMUI . "MUIPVHI MJUUMF JT LOPXO BCPVU UIF EJTFBTF SFHJNFT PG QSFIJTUPSJD TPDJFUJFT JU JT HFOFSBMMZ.]

6 BTTVNFE UIBU UIF FBSMZ TFUUMFNFOUT PG .FTPQPUBNJB UIF *OEVT WBMMFZ BOE UIF 1 FSVWJBO DPBTUBM . SFHJPO XFSF QMBHVFE CZ USPQJDBM EJTFBTFT TVDI BT NBMBSJB BOE TDIJTUPTPNJBTJT "ODJFOU NFEJ- DBM TZTUFNT SFMJFE QSFEPNJOBOUMZ PO NZTUJDBM BOE SFMJHJPVT FYQMBOBUJPOT GPS EJTFBTF BOE PGUFO . TUSFTTFE UIF JNQPSUBODF PG FWBEJOH JMMOFTT UISPVHI SJUVBM BOE QSBDUJDBM NFUIPET PG QSFWFOUJPO . HSPVOEFE JO TQJSJUVBM BOE UFNQPSBM QVSJUZ UISPVHI WBSJPVT DPEFT PG CFIBWJPS BOE EJFUBSZ QSP- UPDPMT $IJOFTF QIZTJDJBOT VOEFS UIF $IPV %ZOBTUZ o #$&. BEWPDBUFE GPS UIF . QSFTFSWBUJPO PG IFBMUI UISPVHI B NJYUVSF PG EJFUBSZ SFTUSJDUJPOT UFNQFSBODF BOE QIZTJDBM BOE.

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

8 QMBOOFE DJUJFT JO XIJDI CBUISPPNT BOE ESBJOT JO CVJMEJOHT XFSF DPNNPOQMBDF XFSF BMTP DPO- TUSVDUFE BSPVOE ZFBST BHP JO UIF *OEVT WBMMFZ FTF DJUJFT BMTP SPVUJOFMZ FOKPZFE CSPBE . QBWFE TUSFFUT BOE DPWFSFE TFXFST *O .FTPQPUBNJB NBOZ TPDJFUJFT JODMVEJOH UIF #BCZMPOJBOT . "TTZSJBOT BOE )FCSFXT FNCSBDFE SFHVMBUPSZ IZHJFOF DVTUPNT JO UIF GPSN PG FTUBCMJTIFE DPEFT . F BJNT PG UIFTF DPEFT XFSF UP FODPVSBHF TQJSJUVBM QVSJUZ BMUIPVHI UIF IZHJFOF SFHVMBUJPOT . PGUFO MBUFOUMZ QSFWFOUFE EJTFBTF 'VSUIFSNPSF )FCSFX SBCCJ QIZTJDJBOT GPSNVMBUFE FMBCPSBUF . SVMFT GPS EJTFBTF QSFWFOUJPO CBTFE PO UIF CFMJFG UIBU TPNF EJTFBTFT XFSF DPNNVOJDBCMF UISPVHI.

9 GPPET CPEJMZ EJTDIBSHF DMPUIJOH XBUFS BOE BJS F )FCSFXT BOE #BCZMPOJBOT BMTP CFMJFWFE . 12 23/04/13 10:03 AM. Early History of Public Health 13. UIBU QMBHVFT TQSFBE UISPVHI DPOUBNJOBUFE XBUFS BOE DPOOFDUFE FQJEFNJDT XJUI DFSUBJO BOJ- NBMT TVDI BT SBUT JFT BOE HOBUT #PUI PG UIFTF HSPVQT JTPMBUFE JOEJWJEVBMT EVSJOH FQJEFNJDT . BOE GVNJHBUFE BOE EJTJOGFDUFE UIFJS IPVTFT BOE CFMPOHJOHT F )FCSFX BOE #BCZMPOJBO DPEFT . BMTP EFNBOEFE UIBU OP XFMM XBT UP CF EVH OFBS B DFNFUFSZ PS XBTUF EVNQ XBUFS XBT UP CF . CPJMFE CFGPSF ESJOLJOH BOE GPPE IBE UP CF DMFBO GSFTI BOE UIPSPVHIMZ DPPLFE F BTTPDJBUJPO.

10 CFUXFFO SJUVBMJTUJD DMFBOMJOFTT BOE IFBMUI XBT OPU MJNJUFE UP UIF iPME XPSMEw UIF *ODBT JOTUJUVUFE . BO BOOVBM IFBMUI DFSFNPOZ XIJDI JODMVEFE UIF DMFBOJOH PG BMM IPNFT FTF FYBNQMFT QSPWJEF . FWJEFODF PG FBSMZ VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG UIF JNQPSUBODF PG QSPUFDUJOH UIF QVCMJD GSPN EJTFBTF . Hellenistic Health #FUXFFO UIF UI BOE UI DFOUVSJFT #$& OFX QIJMPTPQIJFT UIBU TFQBSBUFE UIF UFNQPSBM BOE . EJWJOF DBVTFT PG EJTFBTF CFHBO UP FNFSHF JO BODJFOU (SFFDF )PXFWFS UIFTF QIJMPTPQIJFT XFSF . UIF FYDFQUJPO BOE UIFJS JO VFODF XBT POMZ NJOVTDVMF NVDI PG UIF BODJFOU (SFFL VOEFSTUBOEJOH . PG IFBMUI XBT TUJMM EPNJOBUFE CZ NZTUJDJTN VOUJM UIF FNFSHFODF PG )JQQPDSBUFT BOE UIF Hip- pocratic tradition )JQQPDSBUFT XBT BO IPOPSFE BOE DFMFCSBUFE QIZTJDJBO XIP QSPCBCMZ MJWFE.