VOCABULARY REVIEWDefine the following terms.

1 35 Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights biology Study GuideSECTION 7-1 REVIEWGLYCOLYSIS ANDFERMENTATIONVOCABULARY REVIEWD efine the following respiration acid fermentation fermentation MULTIPLE CHOICEW rite the correct letter in the takes the the glycolysis, glucose from two molecules of pyruvic into two molecules of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation two-carbon molecule from a six-carbon a three-carbon efficiency of glycolysis is anaerobic pathways provide enough energy to meet all of the energy needs unicellular and most multi-cellular unicellular and some multi-cellular from ADP and from NADH and H . broken down and some of itsstored energy is broken down and its storedenergy is if oxygen is if oxygen is Class Date Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

2 All rights ANSWERA nswer the questions in the space are the fermentation pathways referred to as anaerobic pathways? are the energy-containing products of glycolysis? what importance are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation to the cells that use these pathways? ThinkingThe vitamin niacin is an essential component of NAD . Niacin can be consumedin food or manufactured in the body from tryptophan, an amino acid. How would a person s abilityto break down glucose through glycolysis be affected if the person s diet were deficient in both niacin and tryptophan? Explain your answer. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONSThe diagram below depicts the stages of the diagram by writing the names of the pathways in the ovals and the namesof the molecules in the 7-1 ReviewName Class Date ccc2O2 absentcccccccccacfgdeb ccCO237 Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

3 All rights biology Study GuideSECTION 7-2 REVIEWAEROBICRESPIRATIONVOCABULARY REVIEWD efine the following respiration matrix cycle MULTIPLE CHOICEW rite the correct letter in the breakdown product of glucose that diffuses into the mitochondrial matrix for furtherbreakdown starting substance of the Krebs cycle, which is regenerated at the end of the cycle, Krebs two molecules of NAD from NADH and H . a six-carbon molecule from most of the ATP producedsix molecules of aerobic electron transport chain of aerobic O2from NADH by electrons into the mitochondrial protons into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial maximum efficiency of aerobic respiration is Class Date Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

4 All rights ANSWERA nswer the questions in the space the Krebs cycle, what molecule acquires most of the energy that is released by the oxidationof acetyl CoA, and how many of these molecules are produced during each turn of the cycle? reactions of aerobic respiration occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane? the equation for the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration. ThinkingHow is the structure of a mitochondrion well adapted for the activities it carries out? STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONSUse the diagram to answer the following diagram below summarizes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in aerobicrespiration. Label the substances that are transported along the arrows labeled a din the spacesprovided. Label the reactants or products that are represented by e gin the spaces 7-2 ReviewName Class Date abNADHFADMITOCHONDRIALMATRIXI nner mitochondrialmembraneATPATP synthaseefgcd6 Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

5 All rights biology Study Guide Answer KeySection 7-1 VOCABULARY respiration is the process in which cellsmake ATP by breaking down organic is a biochemical pathway in which onemolecule of glucose is oxidized to two moleculesof pyruvic acid fermentation is an anaerobic pathwayin which pyruvic acid is converted into lactic fermentation is an anaerobic pathway inwhich pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcoholand fermentation pathways can operate in theabsence of energy-containing products are NADH, ATP,and pyruvic pathways regenerate NAD , which the cellscan use to keep glycolysis going to make moreATP in the absence of niacin or the ability to make it, the person would be deficient in NAD . Since NAD is used in Step 3 of glycolysis, glycolysis would be AND FUNCTIONSa, glucose; b, glycolysis; c, pyruvic acid; d, lactic acid fermentation; e, alcoholic fermentation; f, lactic acid; g, ethyl alcoholSection 7-2 VOCABULARY respiration is the set of pathways in cellularrespiration that require oxygen to break downpyruvic mitochondrial matrix is the space inside theinner membrane of a Krebs cycle is a biochemical pathway thatbreaks down acetyl coenzyme A, producing CO2,hydrogen atoms, and , or flavine adenine dinucleotide, is a moleculethat accepts electrons during redox of the energy is acquired by NADH.

6 Three mol-ecules are produced during each turn of the reactions of the electron transport chainoccur in the inner mitochondrial + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + mitochondrial membranes segregate theenzymes and reactants of the Krebs cycle, facili-tating the reactions they participate in. The fold-ing of the inner mitochondrial membrane providesa large surface area for the molecules of the elec-tron transport chain. The area between the innerand outer mitochondrial membranes provides aconfined space in which protons can accumulate,driving AND FUNCTIONSa, protons; b, protons; c, protons; d, NAD+; e, FADH2; f, O2; g, ADP + phosphateSection 8-1 VOCABULARY help maintain the shape of a chromosomeand aid in the tight packing of DNA; nonhistone pro-teins control the activity of specific regions of chromatid is one-half of a chromosome; a centromere is the area of a chromatid that holdsthe two chromatids in a chromosome sex chromosome is a chromosome that deter-mines the sex of an organism; an autosome is anyother diploid cell has both chromosomes in eachhomologous pair.

7 A haploid cell has only onechromosome in each homologous help coil and package the DNA into avery small chromosomes are the same size andshape and carry genes for the same picture is called a karyotype. If it shows two X chromosomes, the person is a female; if it showsone X and one Y chromosome, the person is a simple organisms with more chromo-somes might have smaller chromosomes con-taining less DNA. Also, some of the DNA in anorganism s chromosomes may not carry informa-tion that is actually used by the AND FUNCTIONSa, chromosome; b, centromere; c, chromatids; d, homologous chromosomes, or homologuesSection 8-2 VOCABULARY not belong; it is a phase of mitosis,and the other three are phases of not belong; it is a phase of the cellcycle, and the other three are phases of fissiondoes not belong; it pertains toprokaryotes, and the other three pertain fiberdoes not belong; it pertains tonuclear division, and the other three pertain tocytoplasmic not belong; vesicles are organelles,some of which participate in cytoplasmic division,and the other three are involved in nuclear : the cell grows.

8 S phase: DNA is copied. G2phase: the cell prepares for cell division. Mitosis: thenucleus divides. Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm : the chromatin coils and forms chromo-somes, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disap-pear, and the mitotic spindle forms. Metaphase:kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to thecell equator. Anaphase: the chromatids in each chromosome separate and move toward oppositepoles of the cell. Telophase: the mitotic spindledisappears, the chromatids unwind to form chro-matin, the nuclear envelope reforms, and a nucleolus appears.