Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology - Hall High School

1 Click on a lesson name to 2 Principles of EcologySection1:OrganismsandTheirRelatio nshipsSection2: Flow of Energy in an EcosystemSection 3: Cycling of MatterEcology Scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and A thin layer around EarthPrinciples of Ecology Extends several kilometers above the Earth s surface Extends several kilometers below the ocean s Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 The BiospherePrinciples of Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Biotic FactorsPrinciples of Ecology Living factors in an organism s environmentAbiotic Factors Nonliving factors in an organism s environment Organisms adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Levels of OrganizationPrinciples of Ecology Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase.

2 Organism population biological community ecosystem biome Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 The lowest level of organization is the individual organism of Ecology Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population. A biological communityis a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 An ecosystemis a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect of Ecology A biomeis a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Ecosystem InteractionsPrinciples of Ecology A habitatis an area where an organism lives. A nicheis the role or position that an organism has in its Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Community InteractionsPrinciples of Ecology Competition Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time Predation Many species get their food by eating other Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Symbiotic RelationshipsPrinciples of Ecology The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together Mutualism Commensalism Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Energy in an Ecosystem Flow of Energy in an EcosystemPrinciples of Ecology Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food Heterotrophs Organism that gets it energy requirements byconsuming other organismsA lynx is a 2ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms.

3 Detritivoreseat fragments of dead matter in anPrinciples of Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2 Principles of EcologyModels of Energy Flow Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem. Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2 Model EcosystemsPrinciples of EcologyFood Chains A food chainis a simple model that shows how energy flows through an Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2 Principles of EcologyFood Webs A food webis a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Principles of EcologyEcological Pyramids A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an Flow of Energy in an EcosystemChapter 2 Cycles in the Cycling of MatterPrinciples of Ecology Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem.

4 The cycling of nutrientsin the biosphere involves both matterin living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as 2 The Water CyclePrinciples of Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Principles of Ecology Freshwater constitutes only about 3 percent of all water on Earth. About 69 percent of all freshwater is found in ice caps and Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Approximately 90 percent of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; 10 percent evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called of EcologyThe Carbon and Oxygen Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Principles of Ecology Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for of EcologyLong-term Cycle Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon) Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen)Short-term Cycle Burning fossil fuels (carbon)

5 Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Principles of EcologyThe Nitrogen Cycle The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Principles of Ecology Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from of Ecology Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways: Animals urinate. Organisms die. Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds. Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Principles of EcologyThe Phosphorus Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Principles of EcologyShort-term Cycle Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to Cycle Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the Cycling of MatterChapter 2 Principles of EcologyChapter Resource MenuChapter Diagnostic QuestionsFormative Test QuestionsChapter Assessment QuestionsStandardized Test BiologyTransparenciesImage BankVocabularyAnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding 1 A B C D0%0%0%0% of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic QuestionsThe act of one organism consuming another organism for food is 2 A B C D0%0%0%0% an autotroph to a a heterotroph to an a carnivore to an an omnivore to an herbivorePrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic

6 QuestionsIdentify how energy flows through an ecosystem in a typical food 3 A B C D0%0%0%0% of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic QuestionsWhat is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive? 1 A B C D0%0%0%0% Principles of and microscopic organisms living and salt concentration of the , soil type and soil , air currents and rainfallChapter Formative QuestionsWhich are biotic factors in a forest environment? 2 A B C D0%0%0%0% collectionPrinciples of EcologyChapter Formative QuestionsWhat is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time? 3 A B C D0%0%0%0% of the biotic factors in an area where an organism area in which various species role or position that an organism hasPrinciples of EcologyChapter Formative QuestionsWhich defines habitat? 4 A B C D0%0%0%0% of EcologyChapter Formative QuestionsWhat type of organism is the foundation of all ecosystems?

7 5 Principles of EcologyChapter Formative feed on fragments of dead plants and feed on organisms by releasing digestive get energy from inorganic substances to make use chlorophyll to capture energy from the do detritivores obtain their energy in an ecosystem? 6 A B C D0%0%0%0% of EcologyChapter Formative QuestionsWhich type of organism exists at all trophic levels except the first trophic level? 7 A B C D0%0%0%0% level consumerPrinciples of EcologyChapter Formative QuestionsWhat type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem? 8 A B C D0%0%0%0% of EcologyChapter Formative QuestionsWhat type of scientist studies water found underground, in the atmosphere, and on the surface of the earth? 9 A B C D0%0%0%0% cyclePrinciples of EcologyChapter Formative QuestionsWhich biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitationand runoff?

8 A B C D0%0%0%0% of EcologyChapter Formative of fossil of dead materialWhich process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?Use the diagram to compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. Give examples of each. Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Assessment QuestionsAnswer:Biotic factors include the livingfactors in an organism s environment, such as animals, reptiles, plants, and microscopic organisms. Abiotic factors are the nonliving factors, such as water temperature, rainfall, soil, and available of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Assessment QuestionsUse the image below to explain how decomposers supply phosphorus to soil, groundwater, oceans, lakes, ponds, and rivers. Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Assessment QuestionsPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Assessment QuestionsAnswer:All organisms contain organisms die or produce waste products, decomposers return the phosphorus to the soil where it can be used diagram shows how carbon cycles through the environment.

9 Describe how photosynthesis is involved in the carbon cycle. Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Assessment QuestionsPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 Chapter Assessment QuestionsAnswer:During photosynthesis, green plants and algae convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and release oxygen into the air. The plants use the carbohydrates for energy. Carbon dioxide is released back into the air through cellular 1 A B C D0%0%0%0% Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Standardized Test and classifyingvarious species of insects in an fossils of distinct species of turtles in a geographical the relationships thatwoodpeckers have with other species in their the internal organs of a seal to learn how it survives in its environmentIn what type of activity would you most expect an ecologist to be involved? 2 A B C D0%0%0%0% of EcologyChapter 2 Standardized Test PracticeCertain types of tropical orchids use trees for support in order to grow higher and obtain more light.

10 This neither harms nor benefits the tree. What type of symbiotic relationship is this? 3 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Standardized Test Practice A B0%0%If an ecologist finds that the long-tailed weasels have disappeared from the desert community, she should conclude that there will be a decrease in the population of 4 A B C D0%0%0%0% Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Standardized Test is consumed is a consumes bothgrasshoppers is this mouse classified as an omnivore? 5 A B C D0%0%0%0% fixationPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 Standardized Test PracticeWhich process returns nitrogen to the food web? Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Glencoe BiologyTransparenciesPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 Image Bankecologybiospherebiotic factorabiotic factorpopulationbiological communityecosystembiomehabitatnichepreda tionsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasi tismPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 VocabularySection 1autotrophheterotrophherbivorecarnivoreo mnivoredetritivoretrophic levelfood chainfood webbiomassPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 VocabularySection 2matternutrientbiogeochemical cyclenitrogen fixationdenitrificationPrinciples of EcologyChapter 2 VocabularySection 3 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Visualizing Levels of OrganizationDesert Community Food WebThe Water CycleThe Carbon CycleThe Nitrogen CycleThe Phosphorus CycleAnimationAnimation 1 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Animation 2 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Animation 3 Principles of EcologyChapter 2 Animation 4 Principles of