Sustainable forestry for food security and nutrition

1 Sustainable forestryfor food security and nutritionA report byThe High Level Panel of Expertson food security and NutritionJune 2017 HLPEHigh LevelPanel of Experts11 HLPE REPORT2 HLPE Reports series #1 Price volatility and food security (2011) #2 Land tenure and international investments in agriculture (2011) #3 food security and climate change (2012) #4 Social protection for food security (2012) #5 Biofuels and food security (2013) #6 Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security (2013) #7 Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition (2014) #8 food losses and waste in the context of Sustainable food systems (2014) #9 Water for food security and nutrition (2015) #10 Sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition : what roles for livestock?

2 (2016) #11 Sustainable forestry for food security and nutrition (2017) All HLPE reports are available at 3 HLPE Steering Committee members (July 2017) Patrick Caron (Chair) Carol Kalafatic (Vice-Chair) Amadou Allahoury Louise Fresco Eileen Kennedy Muhammad Azeem Khan Bernardo Kliksberg Fangquan Mei Sophia Murphy Mohammad Saeid Noori Naeini Michel Pimbert Juan ngel Rivera Dommarco Magdalena Sep lveda Martin Yemefack Rami Zurayk HLPE Project Team members Terence Sunderland (Team Leader) Fernande Abanda Ronnie de Camino Velozo Patrick Matakala Peter May Anatoly Petrov Bronwen Powell Bhaskar Vira Camilla Widmark Coordinator of the HLPE Nathana l Pingault This report by the High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition (HLPE) has been approved by the HLPE Steering Committee.

3 The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Committee on World food security , of its members, participants, or of the Secretariat. This report is made publicly available and its reproduction and dissemination is encouraged. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate this report should be addressed by e-mail to with copy to Referencing this report: HLPE.

4 2017. Sustainable forestry for food security and nutrition . A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition of the Committee on World food security , Rome. 4 Contents FOREWORD .. 9 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .. 11 Summary .. 11 Recommendations .. 16 INTRODUCTION .. 21 1 FORESTS, TREES AND FSN: SCOPE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .. 23 Forests, trees and agroforestry: definitions and scope .. 24 An extreme diversity .. 25 Forest definitions .. 27 A typology of forests and trees outside forests .. 29 Primary (or old-growth) forests.

5 30 Secondary forests .. 31 Plantation forests .. 32 Other wooded land .. 33 Trees outside forests: agroforestry and other systems .. 33 Forest-dependent people .. 35 Forests, trees and FSN: a conceptual framework .. 37 Ecosystem services .. 37 Linking ecosystem services provided by forest and trees to FSN .. 38 Sustainable forestry for FSN .. 40 Concluding remarks .. 40 2 CONTRIBUTIONS OF FORESTS AND TREES TO FSN .. 43 Direct provision of food .. 43 Contribution to dietary diversity and quality .. 43 Provision of animal-sourced foods.

6 45 Provision of feed .. 47 Traded forest food products .. 47 A critical role to buffer food scarcity .. 48 Provision of bio-energy, especially for cooking .. 48 Contributions to economy and livelihoods .. 50 Income generation .. 50 Employment .. 52 Gender roles .. 54 Provision of ecosystem services, essential for agricultural production .. 55 Water regulation .. 55 Soil formation, protection and nutrient circulation .. 56 Agroecosystem stability, biodiversity protection and downstream resources 57 Pollination .. 58 Synergies and trade-offs.

7 59 Forests, health and well-being .. 59 Contributions to resilience of food systems .. 60 Synthesis and conclusions .. 61 5 3 forestry TRENDS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FSN .. 63 Forests at a glance: global area and main trends .. 63 Global net forest loss is slowing down .. 64 Contrasted evolutions across forest types: the forest transition .. 65 Increasing and competing demands on forests .. 71 Increasing demand for food .. 71 Increasing demand for wood and energy .. 73 Increased recognition of the protective roles of forests.

8 74 Forests, trees, climate change and FSN .. 76 Impacts of climate change on forests and trees .. 76 The contributions of forests and trees to FSN in a changing climate .. 78 The contribution of forests and trees to mitigation of climate change .. 79 Potential impacts on FSN of policies strengthening the contribution of forests and trees to mitigation of climate change .. 79 Impacts of changes on FSN .. 80 Impacts of deforestation and forest degradation .. 80 Protected areas and FSN .. 83 Production forests and FSN .. 83 Conclusion: challenges and opportunities for FSN.

9 84 4 HOW TO OPTIMIZE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FORESTS AND TREES TO FSN IN A Sustainable WAY? .. 85 Governance of forests and trees: an overview .. 85 Forests and trees as a shared resource .. 86 Forest and trees ownership .. 88 Access and use rights .. 90 Governance instruments and tools for forests and trees .. 92 International interventions and 92 National rules and policies .. 94 Certification and other market-based instruments .. 96 Ways forward: Sustainable forest management for FSN .. 98 Forest management plans .. 100 Towards integrated landscape approaches.

10 101 Stakeholder 103 A human rights-based approach .. 107 Conclusion .. 108 CONCLUSION .. 110 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. 111 REFERENCES .. 112 APPENDIX .. 134 The HLPE project cycle .. 134 6 List of Figures Figure 1 Forest and land-use transition curve .. 26 Figure 2 Five types of forests and tree systems .. 30 Figure 3 Concept pyramid of ecosystem services .. 38 Figure 4 Forest functions and their links to FSN .. 39 Figure 5 Map of the world s forests and tree cover .. 63 Figure 6 Global forest area (1990 2015) .. 64 Figure 7 Drivers of forest changes impacting their contributions to 80 Figure 8 HLPE project cycle.