Understanding International Relations

1 UnderstandingInternational RelationsThird EditionChris Brown with Kirsten AinleyUNDERSTANDING International RELATIONSAlso by Chris BrownInternational Relations Theory: New Normative ApproachesPolitical Restructuring in Europe (editor) International Relations in Political Thought (editor with Terry Nardin and Rengger)UnderstandingInternational RelationsThird EditionChris Brown with Kirsten Ainley Chris Brown 1997, 2001, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright.

2 Designs and Patents Act edition 1997 Second edition 2001 Third edition 2005 Published byPALGRAVE MACMILLANH oundmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and175 Fifth Avenue, New York, 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other : 9781 4039 4663 8 hardbackISBN-10: 1 4039 4663 9 hardbackISBN-13: 9781 4039 4664 5 paperbackISBN-10: 1 4039 4664 7 paperbackThis book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest catalogue record for this book is available from the British , Chris, 1945 Understanding International Relations / Chris Brown with Kirsten Ainley 3rd cmIncludes bibliographical references and 1 4039 4663 9 ISBN 1 4039 4664 7 (pbk.)

3 1. International Relations . I. Ainley, Kirsten. II. 2005327 dc2220040663921098765432114 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 Printed in ChinavContentsPreface to the Third EditionviiiPreface to the Second EditionxPreface to the First EditionxiiList of Abbreviationsxvi1 Introduction: Defining International Relations 1 Perspectives and theories 7 Conclusion 152 The Development of International Relations Theory in the Twentieth Century 19 Introduction 19 Liberal internationalism and the origins of the discipline 20 The realist critique of liberal internationalism 24 The post-war synthesis 28 International Relations and the behavioural sciences 31 Challenges to the realist synthesis 33 Pluralism and complex interdependence 353 International Relations Theory Today 40

4 Introduction: rational choice theory and its critics 40 From realism to neorealism 41 From neorealism to neoliberalism 45 Constructivism and the English School 48 Critical, poststructuralist and postmodern International thought 52 Conclusion 584 The State and foreign policy 63 Introduction 63 The state and International Relations 63 foreign and domestic policy : the decision as focus 69 Conclusion: from foreign policy to power 775 Power and Security 80 Introduction: statecraft, influence and power 80 Dimensions of power 81 Power, fear and insecurity 91 Conclusion: managing insecurity 946 The Balance of Power and War 97 Introduction 97 The balance of power 98 The political conception of war 103 War in the twentieth century 106 Conclusion: the end of state-centric International Relations ?

5 1117 Global Governance 116 Introduction: sovereignty, anarchy and global governance 116 Functionalism 118 Integration theory, federalism and neofunctionalism 122 Global economic institutions: Bretton Woods and after 125 International regimes and regime theory129 Global governance and (collective) security 1338 The Global Economy 141 Introduction 141 The growth of the world economy 142 Problems and perspectives 145 Structuralism 151 The new global economy 156 The end of the South?

6 1599 Globalization 164 Introduction 164A new economy? 165 Neoliberalism and its critics 167 New global problems Westfailure ? 172 Global civil society? 17810 The International politics of Identity 185 Introduction 185 politics in industrial societies 186 Identity politics post-1989 190 Globalization and postindustrial society 193 Democracy promotion, Asian values and the clash of civilizations 197 Pluralism and International society 201 Conclusion 203viContents11 International Relations and the Individual.

7 Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Humanitarian War 207 Introduction 207 Universal human rights 208 Rights and International law 213 Humanitarian intervention 221 Conclusion22812 US Hegemony and World Order 232 Introduction 232An American century again? 232 Ideology and US strategic doctrine 237 The significance of 9/11 240 The United States and Europe: Mars and Venus? 242 America, the war on terror and the non-Western world 245 Empire?248 World order in the twenty-first century 250 Bibliography255 Index286 ContentsviiPreface to the Third EditionThe most important change to the third edition of Understanding InternationalRelationsis that this is now a collaborative book.

8 Kirsten Ainley wroteChapter 11, revised Chapters 2 6, carried out bibliographical work for theentire book, and read and commented on every chapter. This collaborationhas worked remarkably well; Kirsten has produced an outstanding chapter,and the book as a whole is much improved by her contribution. In short,this is now her book as well as mine, although, since the basic structure andmany of its idiosyncrasies are inherited from earlier editions, I remain, inthe last resort, solely responsible for its the Preface to the last edition a fuller account of globalization in futureeditions was promised and we hope we have delivered on this promise in thethird edition.

9 However, the second edition was published in the Spring of2001, six months before the attacks on America on 9/11; just for once, theclich is appropriate things really will never be the same again, and inevitablythis third edition reflects the fallout from 9/11 and its causes which, ofcourse, are by no means unconnected to the processes we summarize 1 to 6 which trace the history of the discourse of InternationalRelations (IR) and its core concepts remain more or less as in previouseditions, with a few additional illustrations and examples, and fullyupdated guides to further reading. Chapters 7 9, Global Governance , TheGlobal Economy and Globalization , reorganize material to be foundspread over five chapters of the last edition.

10 Some purely historical materialhas been eliminated, and there has been some pruning, but this change islargely a matter of reorganization rather than extensive cutting. Onesubstantive change is that there is no longer a chapter devoted to the is a deliberate move as the category of the South no longer makes sensein terms of either the world economy or of world political, social or culturalfactors. However, it must be stressed that this does not mean that issues ofglobal inequality are neglected, that the problems of poorer countries aresidelined, or that theories of International Relations that address these problemsare marginalized. On the contrary, such issues crop up continually throughthe second half of the book, and actually are given more attention preciselybecause they are not ghettoized into a separate 10 12 are substantially new, although they contain some mate-rial that appeared in the first and second editions.