Introduction to International Relations

1 Introduction to International RelationsIntroduction to International RelationsTheories and ApproachesFifth EditionRobert JacksonGeorg S rensen1 This page intentionally left blank Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP,United KingdomOxford University Press is a department of the University of furthers the University s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark ofOxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Robert Jackson and Georg S rensen 2013 The moral rights of the authors have been assertedSecond edition published 2003 Third edition published 2007 Fourth edition published 2010 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without theprior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permittedby law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographicsrights organization.

2 Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of theabove should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at theaddress aboveYou must not circulate this work in any other formand you must impose this same condition on any acquirerBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataData availableISBN 978 0 19 969474 7 Printed in Italy Lavis TNLinks to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith andfor information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibillty for the materialscontained in any third party website referenced in this our studentsThis page intentionally left blank zACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis fifth edition has benefitted from helpful comments made by the readers of the first four editions. We were encouraged to stay with the basic aim and format of the book: a succinct and readable Introduction to the major IR theories and approaches. We also followed sug-gestions for expanded coverage of post-positivism (new Chapter 9) and clarifications in the chapter on key issues in IR (Chapter 11).

3 All chapters are brought up to date in the light of current International events and ongoing debates in the discipline. The book now has clearer structure, with chapters organized in four parts: (1) Studying IR; (2) Classical theories ; (3) Contemporary Approaches and Debates; (4) policy and Issues. The support-ing website has been revised and expanded; web links include references to theoretical debates as well as to information on world situations in specific geographical locations, thus giving students a perspective on how theory can speak to the real world. A glossary with key terms is included at the end of the are grateful for support and encouragement from a large number of people. Tim Barton of Oxford University Press warmly supported the project from the very start. Several anonymous readers made constructive suggestions for revisions and clarifications. Many colleagues provided advice or encouragement: Will Bain, Derek Beach, Michael Corgan, Kenneth Glarbo, Hans Henrik Holm, Kal Holsti, Peter Viggo Jakobsen, Brian Job, Knud Erik J rgensen, Anne Mette Kj r, Tonny Brems Knudsen, Mehdi Mozaffari, Liselotte Odgaard, Elias G tz, J rgen Dige Pedersen, Nikolaj Petersen, Thomas Pedersen, Jennifer Jackson Preece, Mette Skak, Sasson Sofer, Morten Valbj rn, and Mark Bailes was a great help as commissioning editor for this fifth edition.

4 Annette Andersen again handled the paperwork with her usual efficiency and punctuality. Mikkel Kjer did an excellent job of collecting and systematizing the links for the book s website; he also assisted in various ways in preparing the manuscript. We owe special thanks to those readers who provided us with useful comments on the fourth edition, including eleven anonymous referees. We have tried to deal with their many excellent suggestions for im-provement without sacrificing the aims and qualities of previous editions on which most of them commented very favourably. We are confident that both instructors and students will find that this fifth edition has managed to achieve that , we are grateful once again to our wives and children for their support in our con-tinuing endeavour to produce an IR textbook that can communicate to readers not only in North America and Europe but everywhere that International Relations is taught and studied as an academic and BostonMay 2012 zNEW TO THIS EDITION Updated throughout to reflect contemporary issues in IR.

5 A new chapter covers feminism, post-structuralism, and post-colonialism in greater detail. A new structure guides students through developments in International Relations theories , from classical theories to contemporary approaches and debates. zOUTLINE CONTENTSDETAILED CONTENTS xiABOUT THIS BOOK xviiGUIDE TO LEARNING FEATURES xxGUIDE TO THE ONLINE RESOURCE CENTRE xxiiPOLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD, APRIL 2008 xxiv PART 1 Studying IR 1 Why Study IR? 3 2 IR as an Academic Subject 32 PART 2 Classical theories 3 Realism 65 4 Liberalism 99 5 International Society 132 6 International Political Economy: Classical theories 159 PART 3 Contemporary Approaches and Debates 7 International Political Economy: Contemporary Debates 179 8 Social Constructivism 208 9 Post-positivism in IR 231 10 foreign policy 251 PART 4 policy and Issues 11 Key Issues in Contemporary IR 277 GLOSSARY 305 BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 INDEX 337 This page intentionally left blank zDETAILED CONTENTSABOUT THIS BOOK xviiGUIDE TO LEARNING FEATURES xxGUIDE TO THE ONLINE RESOURCE CENTRE xxiiPOLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD, APRIL 2008 xxiv Part 1 Studying IR 1 Why Study IR?

6 3 International Relations in Everyday Life 4 Brief Historical Sketch of the State System 10 The Global State System and the World Economy 18IR and the Changing Contemporary World of States 22 Conclusion 28 KEY POINTS 30 QUESTIONS 30 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 31 WEB LINKS 31 2 IR as an Academic Subject 32 Introduction 33 Utopian Liberalism: The Early Study of IR 34 Realism and the Twenty Years Crisis 39 The Voice of Behaviouralism in IR 43 Neoliberalism: Institutions and Interdependence 46 Neorealism: Bipolarity and Confrontation 48 International Society: The English School 50 International Political Economy (IPE) 53 Dissident Voices: Alternative Approaches to IR 56 Which Theory? 57 Conclusion 59 Detailed ContentsxiiKEY POINTS 59 QUESTIONS 60 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 60 WEB LINKS 61 Part 2 Classical theories 3 Realism 65 Introduction : Elements of Realism 66 Classical Realism 67 Thucydides 67 Machiavelli 69 Hobbes and the Security Dilemma 71 Morgenthau and Classical Realism 72 Schelling and Strategic Realism 75 Waltz and Neorealism 79 Mearsheimer, Stability Theory, and Hegemony 82 Neoclassical Realism 86 Rethinking the Balance of Power 88 Two Critiques of Realism 90 Research Prospects and Programme 94 KEY POINTS 96 QUESTIONS 97 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 97 WEB LINKS 98 4 Liberalism 99 Introduction .

7 Basic Liberal Assumptions 100 Sociological Liberalism 102 Interdependence Liberalism 106 Institutional Liberalism 110 Republican Liberalism 113 Neorealist Critiques of Liberalism 118 The Retreat to Weak Liberalism 120 The Counter-attack of Strong Liberalism 122 Detailed ContentsxiiiLiberalism and World Order 126 Liberalism: The Current Research Agenda 128 KEY POINTS 130 QUESTIONS 130 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 131 WEB LINKS 131 5 International Society 132 Basic International Society Approach 133 The Three Traditions 137 Order and Justice 139 Empire and World Society 143 Statecraft and Responsibility 145 National Responsibility 145 International Responsibility 146 Humanitarian Responsibility 147 Humanitarian Responsibility and War 148 Critiques of International Society 151 The Current Research Agenda 155 KEY POINTS 157 QUESTIONS 157 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 158 WEB LINKS 158 6 International Political Economy: Classical theories 159 Introduction : What is IPE?

8 160 Mercantilism 162 Economic Liberalism 165 Marxism 167 Conclusion 174 KEY POINTS 174 QUESTIONS 175 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 175 WEB LINKS 175 Detailed Contentsxiv Part 3 Contemporary Approaches and Debates 7 International Political Economy: Contemporary Debates 179 The Relationship between Politics and Economics: The Debate on US Hegemonic Stability 180 Development and Underdevelopment in the Developing World 187 Economic Globalization and a Changing Role for States 196 Recent Theoretical Developments in IPE 203 Conclusion: The Future of IPE 205 KEY POINTS 206 QUESTIONS 207 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 207 WEB LINKS 207 8 Social Constructivism 208 Introduction 209 The Rise of Constructivism in IR 209 Constructivism as Social Theory 211 Constructivist theories of International Relations 215 Cultures of Anarchy 216 Norms of International Society 218 The Power of International Organizations 220A Constructivist Approach to European Cooperation 221 domestic Formation of Identity and Norms 223 Critiques of Constructivism 225 The Constructivist Research Programme 227 KEY POINTS 229 QUESTIONS 229 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 230 WEB LINKS 230 9 Post-positivism in IR 231 Introduction 232 Post-structuralism in IR 233 Post-colonialism in IR 239 Feminism in IR 241 Critique of Post-positivist Approaches 245 Detailed ContentsxvThe Post-positivist Research Programme 247 KEY POINTS 248 QUESTIONS 249 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 249 WEB

9 LINKS 250 10 foreign policy 251 The Concept of foreign policy 252 foreign policy Analysis 252 How to Study foreign policy : A Level-of-Analysis Approach 256 The Systemic Level 257 The Level of the Nation-state 259 The Level of the Individual Decision Maker 263 Going to War in the Persian Gulf: A Case-study 266A Note on Experts and Think Tanks 269 KEY POINTS 272 QUESTIONS 273 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 274 WEB LINKS 274 Part 4 policy and Issues 11 Key Issues in Contemporary IR 277 Introduction 278 International Terrorism 278 Religion in IR: A Clash of Civilizations? 284 The Environment 288 New Patterns of War and Peace: Changes in Statehood 293 Conclusion 301 KEY POINTS 302 QUESTIONS 303 GUIDE TO FURTHER READING 303 WEB LINKS 303 GLOSSARY 305 BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 INDEX 337 This page intentionally left blank zABOUT THIS BOOKT oday, virtually the entire population of the world lives within the borders of those sepa-rate territorial communities we call states about six billion people are citizens or sub-jects of one state or another.

10 For more than half a billion people living in the developed countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, basic security and welfare are often taken more or less for granted, because it is guaranteed and sometimes directly provided by the state. But for several billions of people who live in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and the former Soviet Union, basic security and wel-fare is not something that can be taken for granted. Protection, policing, law enforcement, and other civil conditions of minimal safety for all cannot be guaranteed. For many peo-ple, it is a daily challenge to provide adequate food, clean water, housing, and similar so-cioeconomic necessities. The academic subject of International Relations (IR) seeks to understand how people are provided, or not provided, with the basic values of security, freedom, order, justice, and is in the Book?First and foremost, this book is an Introduction to the academic discipline of IR.