8 ISSN 1810-1119

1 issn 1810-1119 . 8. FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH. manual PREPARATION OF. AFRICAN SWINE FEVER. contingency PLANS. Cover photographs: Left image: FAO/P. Ankers Centre: FAO/I. Hoffmann Right image: J. Patrick J. ( ). 8. FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH. manual PREPARATION OF. AFRICAN SWINE FEVER. contingency PLANS. Mary-Louise Penrith Vittorio Guberti Klaus Depner Juan Lubroth FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Rome, 2009. Authors' details Mary-Louise Penrith Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa Vittorio Guberti Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy Klaus Depner Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy Juan Lubroth Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy Recommended citation FAO.

2 2009. Preparation of African swine fever contingency plans. Edited by Penrith, V. Guberti, K. Depner and J. Lubroth. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual No. 8. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of speci c companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

3 ISBN 978-92-5-106426-9. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO. Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: FAO 2009.

4 Iii Contents Foreword vii Acknowledgements ix Acronyms and abbreviations xi CHAPTER 1. Suggested format and contents of a national contingency plan 1. Nature of the disease 1. Risk analysis 1. Prevention strategies 2. Early warning contingency plan 2. Strategies for control and eradication 2. Organizational arrangements for emergencies 2. Support plans 2. Action plans 2. Annexes 3. CHAPTER 2. Nature of the disease 5. Definition 5. World distribution 5. Aetiology 6. Epidemiological features 6. Clinical signs 9. Pathology 12. Immunity 13. Diagnosis 13. CHAPTER 3. Risk analysis 19. Introduction 19. Principles of risk analysis 19. Who should carry out the risk analysis?

5 20. Risk assessment 20. The value of risk assessments for contingency planning 22. Further reading on this valuable methodology 22. iv CHAPTER 4. Prevention strategies 23. Introduction 23. Import quarantine policy 23. Swill feeding controls 24. Containment of pigs 24. CHAPTER 5. Early warning and contingency planning 27. Introduction 27. Training of animal health staff in early recognition, collection and dispatch of diagnostic specimens 28. Farmer awareness/education programmes 29. Specialist diagnostic team 30. Laboratory diagnostic capabilities 31. International reference laboratories and collaborating centres 31. CHAPTER 6. Early reaction contingency planning for an emergency 33.

6 Introduction 33. Epidemiological features influencing control, elimination or eradication strategies 33. Strategies for eradication 34. Zoning 37. Actions to be taken in infected zones 40. Actions to be taken in surveillance zones 45. Actions to be taken in disease-free zones and compartments 45. Repopulation 45. Crucial factors for the success of a control/eradication campaign 46. Verification of eradication and national, zonal or compartmental freedom from the disease 47. CHAPTER 7. Organizational arrangements during an emergency campaign 51. Responsibilities and command structures 51. Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases 52. National animal disease control centre 53.

7 Local animal disease control centres 53. v CHAPTER 8. Support plans 55. Financial plans 55. Resource plans 56. Legislation 58. CHAPTER 9. Action plan 61. Investigation phase 61. Alert phase 62. Operational phase 63. International reporting 64. Obtaining political support 64. Public awareness campaign 64. Slaughter, destruction and decontamination 65. Prevention of movement 65. Surveillance 66. Stand-down phase 66. CHAPTER 10. Training, testing and revision of contingency plans 67. Simulation exercises 67. Training 67. Regular updating of contingency plans 67. Annex 1: FAO and OIE experts and reference laboratories 69. vii Foreword African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most serious transboundary swine diseases because of its high lethality for pigs, its crippling socio-economic consequences, its propensity for rapid and unanticipated international spread, and the absence of either treatment or vaccine.

8 For the Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES), transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are defined as those diseases that are of significant economic, trade and food security importance for a considerable number of countries, that can easily spread from one country to another and reach epidemic pro- portions, and that require international cooperation for control and management, including exclusion. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code included ASF among its former List A diseases, which were defined as communicable dis- eases which have the potential for serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of serious socio-economic or public health importance and which are of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products.

9 This manual provides information on the nature of ASF and the principles and strategic options regarding prevention, detection, control and elimination of the disease. It provides guidelines on the formulation of overall national policy for control and eradication of a pos- sible incursion of the disease for individual countries threatened by ASF. The manual identi- fies the personnel, equipment and facilities needed in a national ASF contingency plan . It suggests an outline for the format and contents of a national ASF contingency plan , which should be modified to suit the needs and circumstances of individual countries. During the preparation of this manual, consideration was given to the provisions given in the current OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.

10 It is suggested that the manual be used together with the FAO Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency preparedness plans, revised in 2008. Sources of information recommended for use in conjunction with this manual include: t Australian veterinary plan (AUSVETPLAN) disease strategy: African swine fever, 2nd edition. 1996. Canberra. Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. t Terrestrial animal health code: mammals, birds and bees. 2007. Volume 2. Paris, OIE. t Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency preparedness plans, 2nd edition. 2008. Animal Health Manual No. 6. Rome, FAO.