Transcription of An Introduction to Biomass Thermochemical Conversion
1 An Introduction to Biomass Thermochemical ConversionRichard L. BainGroup Manager, Thermochemical ConversionNational Bioenergy CenterDOE/NASLUGC Biomass and Solar Energy WorkshopsAugust 3-4, 2004 Presentation Outline Objective & Definitions Biomass Properties Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Other Research AreasConversionProcessesBiomassBiomassFe edstockFeedstock Trees Forest Residues Grasses Agricultural Crops Agricultural Residues Animal Wastes Municipal Solid WasteUSESUSESF uels:EthanolRenewable DieselElectricityHeatChemicals Plastics Solvents Pharmaceuticals Chemical Intermediates Phenolics Adhesives Furfural Fatty acids Acetic Acid Carbon black Paints Dyes, Pigments, and Ink Detergents and Feed- Gasification- Combustion and Cofiring- Pyrolysis- Enzymatic Fermentation- Gas/liquid Fermentation- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation- OtherFuels, Chemicals, Materials, Heat and Power from BiomassBasic DefinitionsBasic DefinitionsBiomassis plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops or other biological material.
2 It can be used as a solid fuel, or converted into liquid or gaseous forms for the production of electric power, heat, chemicals, or Liquoris the lignin-rich by-product of fiber extraction from wood in Kraft (or sulfate) pulping. The industry burns black liquor in Tomlinson boilers that 1) feed back-pressure steam turbines supplying process steam and electricity to mills, 2) recover pulping chemicals (sodium and sulfur compounds) for Thermal Conversion (destruction) of organics in the absence of oxygen In the Biomass community, this commonly refers to lower temperature thermal processes producing liquids as the primary product Possibility of chemical and food byproductsGasificationGasification Thermal Conversion of organic materials at elevated temperature and reducing conditions to produce primarily permanent gases, with char, water.
3 And condensibles as minor products Primary categories are partial oxidation and indirect heatingBasic DefinitionsBasic DefinitionsCombustionCombustion Thermal Conversion of organic matter with an oxidant (normally oxygen) to produce primarily carbon dioxide and water The oxidant is in stoichiometricexcess, , complete oxidationThermalConversionCombustionGasi ficationPyrolysisHeatFuel Gases (CO + H2)LiquidsNo AirPartial airExcess airThermalConversionCombustionGasificati onPyrolysis &HydrothermalHeatFuel Gases (CO + H2)LiquidsNo AirPartial airExcess airPOTENTIAL Biomass PRODUCTS Potential Biomass Products Biomass Syngas Hydrogen Pyrolysis Oil Whole or Fractionated Hydrothermal Treatment Oils Biomass Solid HHV = 16 17 MBTU/ton (MAF) Syngas Major components CO, H2, CO2 CO/H2ratio set by steam rate in conditioning step, typical range 2 HHV: 450-500 BTU/scf Pyrolysis Oil Chemical composition: water (20-30%), lignin fragments (15-30%), aldehydes (10-20%), carboxylic acids (10-15%), carbohydrates (5-10%), phenols (2-5%), furfurals (2-5%), ketones (1-5%) Other (ca.)
4 : pH - , - , viscosity (40 C, 25% water) 40 to 100 cp, vacuum distillation residue up to 50% Hydrothermal Treatment Oils Water plus alkali at T = 300-350 C, P high enough to keep water liquid. Use of CO is option Yield > 95% Distillate (-500 C): 40 50% Distillate Composition: Hardwood (300 C) , Manure (350 C) Qualitative: long aliphatic chains, some cyclic compounds containing carbonyl groups, and a few hydroxy groups, ether linkages, and carboxylic acid groups HHV = 28 34 MBTU/tonBiomass Properties RelevantBiomass Properties Relevantto Thermal Conversionto Thermal ConversionPoplarCorn StoverChicken LitterBlack LiquorProximate (wt% as received) , Dry (Btu/lb)8382778263104971 Ultim a te , w t% a s re ce ive (by diff) < Ash Analysis, wt% of fuel as received < < < < As (ppm)
5 14 Representative Biomass & Black Liquor CompositionsRepresentative Biomass and Coal PropertiesRepresentative Biomass and Coal PropertiesB iomass 1B iomass 2C oal 1C oal 2 Tar SandsNameWoodRed Corn Cob Grundy, IL. No 4 Rosebud, MTAthabascaClassificationHvBbsub BBitumenProximate Analysis, wt% Dry Volatile Matter77-87ca. Fixed ltimate Analysis, w t % D ry /C Atomic R HHV, Dry, Btu/lb8,530- 9,0507,34012,40011,68417,900 B iomass 1B iomass 2C oal 1C oal 2 Tar SandsNameWoodRed Corn Cob Grundy, IL.
6 No 4 Rosebud, MTAthabascaClassificationHvBbsub BBitumenProximate Analysis, wt% Dry Volatile Matter77-87ca. Fixed ltimate Analysis, w t % D ry /C Atomic R HHV, Dry, Btu/lb8,530- 9,0507,34012,40011,68417,900 B iomass 1B iomass 2C oal 1C oal 2 Tar SandsNameWoodRed Corn Cob Grundy, IL. No 4 Rosebud, MTAthabascaClassificationHvBbsub BBitumenProximate Analysis, wt% Dry Volatile Matter77-87ca. Fixed ltimate Analysis, w t % D ry /C Atomic R HHV, Dry, Btu/lb8,530- 9,0507,34012,40011,68417,900 B iomass 1B iomass 2C oal 1C oal 2 Tar SandsNameWoodRed Corn Cob Grundy, IL.
7 No 4 Rosebud, MTAthabascaClassificationHvBbsub BBitumenProximate Analysis, wt% Dry Volatile Matter77-87ca. Fixed ltimate Analysis, w t % D ry /C Atomic R HHV, Dry, Btu/lb8,530- 9,0507,34012,40011,68417,900 B iomass 1B iomass 2C oal 1C oal 2 Tar SandsNameWoodRed Corn Cob Grundy, IL. No 4 Rosebud, MTAthabascaClassificationHvBbsub BBitumenProximate Analysis, wt% Dry Volatile Matter77-87ca. Fixed ltimate Analysis, w t % D ry /C Atomic R HHV, Dry, Btu/lb8,530- 9,0507,34012,40011,68417,900 B iomass 1B iomass 2C oal 1C oal 2 Tar SandsNameWoodRed Corn Cob Grundy, IL.
8 No 4 Rosebud, MTAthabascaClassificationHvBbsub BBitumenProximate Analysis, wt% Dry Volatile Matter77-87ca. Fixed ltimate Analysis, w t % D ry /C Atomic R HHV, Dry, Btu/lb8,530- 9,0507,34012,40011,68417,900 B iomass 1B iomass 2C oal 1C oal 2 Tar SandsNameWoodRed Corn Cob Grundy, IL. No 4 Rosebud, MTAthabascaClassificationHvBbsub BBitumenProximate Analysis, wt% Dry Volatile Matter77-87ca. Fixed ltimate Analysis, w t % D ry /C Atomic R HHV, Dry, Btu/lb8,530- 9,0507,34012,40011,68417,900 Biomass Higher Heating Value02000400060008000100001200040005000 600070008000900010000 Calculated HHV (Btu/lb)Actual HHV (Btu/lb)(with 95% confidence interval) + C + H + N + S + O - A (Eq 3-15) + C + H + N + S + O - A (Eq 3-15)HHV (Btu/lb) =N = 175 Bain, R.
9 L.; Amos, W. P.; Downing, M.; Perlack, R. L. (2003). Biopower Technical Assessment: State of the Industry and the Technology. 277 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-510-33123 Potassium Content of waste paperFir mill wasteRFD - TacomaRed oak sawdustSugar Cane BagasseUrban wood wasteWillow - SV1-3 yrFurniture wasteWillow - SV1-1 yrAlder/fir sawdustSwitchgrass, MNHybrid poplarSwitchgrass, D Leaf, MNDemolition woodForest residualsPoplar - coarseMiscanthus, SilberfederWood - land clearingAlmond woodWood - yard wasteDanish wheat strawRice husksSwitchgrass, OHOregon wheat strawAl f a l f a s t e msCalifornia wheat strawImperial wheat strawRice strawPotassium Content (lb/MBtu)Bain, R.
10 L.; Amos, W. P.; Downing, M.; Perlack, R. L. (2003). Biopower Technical Assessment: State of the Industry and the Technology. 277 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-510-33123 Nitrogen Content of oak sawdustFir mill w asteMixed waste paperSugar Cane BagasseUrban wood wasteFurniture wasteMiscanthus, SilberfederWillow - SV1-3 yrWood - land clearingDanish wheat strawAlder/fir sawdustOregon wheat strawCalifornia wheat strawDemolition woodPoplar - coarseImperial wheat strawHybrid poplarWillow - SV1-1 yrRice husksSwitchgrass, MNAlmond woodSwitchgrass, D Leaf, MNSwitchgrass, OHBana Grass, HIForest residualsRFD - TacomaWood - yard wasteRice strawAlfalfa stemsNitrogen (lb/MBtu)Bain, R.
