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1 AvionicsHandbookTheThe Electrical Engineering Handbook SeriesSeries EditorRichard C. DorfUniversity of California, DavisTitles Included in the SeriesThe Avionics Handbook , Cary R. SpitzerThe Biomedical Engineering Handbook , 2nd Edition, Joseph D. BronzinoThe Circuits and Filters Handbook , Wai-Kai ChenThe Communications Handbook , Jerry D. GibsonThe Control Handbook , William S. LevineThe Digital Signal Processing Handbook , Vijay K. Madisetti & Douglas WilliamsThe Electrical Engineering Handbook , 2nd Edition, Richard C. DorfThe Electric Power Engineering Handbook , Leo L. GrigsbyThe Electronics Handbook , Jerry C.

2 WhitakerThe Engineering Handbook , Richard C. DorfThe Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. PoularikasThe Industrial Electronics Handbook , J. David IrwinThe Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook , John G. WebsterThe Mechanical Systems Design Handbook , Osita NwokahThe RF and Microwave Handbook , Mike GolioThe Mobile Communications Handbook , 2nd Edition, Jerry D. GibsonThe Ocean Engineering Handbook , Ferial El-HawaryThe Technology Management Handbook , Richard C. DorfThe Transforms and Applications Handbook , 2nd Edition, Alexander D. PoularikasThe VLSI Handbook , Wai-Kai ChenThe Mechatronics Handbook , Robert H.

3 BishopEdited byCARY R. SPITZERA vionicsHandbookTheAvioniCon, , VirginiaBoca Raton London new york Washington, Press 2001 by CRC Press LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted withpermission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publishreliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materialsor for the consequences of their this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without priorpermission in writing from the rights reserved.

4 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specificclients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright clearanceCenter, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service isISBN 0-8493-8348-X/01/$ +$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granteda photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works,or for resale.

5 Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431, or visit our Web site Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only foridentification and explanation, without intent to infringe. 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-8348-XLibrary of Congress Card Number 00-048637 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Avionics Handbook / edited by Cary R.

6 Cm. -- (Electrical engineering Handbook series)Includes bibliographical references and 0-8493-8348-X (alk. paper)1. Avionics . I. Spitzer, Cary R. II..A8163 dc2100-048637 CIP 2001 by CRC Press LLC Preface Avionics is the cornerstone of modern aircraft. More and more, vital functions on both military and civilaircraft involve electronic devices. After the cost of the airframe and the engines, Avionics is the mostexpensive item on the aircraft, but well worth every cent of the technologies emerged in the last decade that will be utilized in the new millennium. After proofof soundness in design through ground application, advanced microprocessors are finding their way ontoaircraft to provide new capabilities that were unheard of a decade ago.

7 The Global Positioning Systemhas enabled satellite-based precise navigation and landing, and communication satellites are now capableof supporting aviation services. Thus, the aviation world is changing to satellite-based communications,navigation, and surveillance for air traffic management. Both the aircraft operator and the air trafficservices provider are realizing significant technologies in this book include data buses, one type of which has been in use for over 20years, head mounted displays, and fly-by-wire flight controls. New bus and display concepts are emergingthat may displace these veteran devices.

8 An example is a retinal scanning emerging technologies include speech interaction with the aircraft and synthetic vision. Speechinteraction may soon enter commercial service on business aircraft as another way to perform somenoncritical functions. Synthetic vision offers enormous potential for both military and civil aircraft foroperations under reduced visibility conditions or in cases where it is difficult to install sufficient windowsin an book offers a comprehensive view of Avionics , from the technology and elements of a system toexamples of modern systems flying on the latest military and civil aircraft.

9 The chapters have been writtenwith the reader in mind by working practitioners in the field. This book was prepared for the workingengineer and his or her boss and others who need the latest information on some aspect of Avionics . Itwill not make one an expert in Avionics , but it will provide the knowledge needed to approach a problem. 2001 by CRC Press LLC Biography Cary R. Spitzer is a graduate of Virginia Tech and George Washington University. After service in theAir Force, he joined NASA Langley Research the last half of his tenure at NASA he focused on Avionics .

10 He was the NASA manager of ajoint NASA/Honeywell program that made the first satellite-guided automatic landing of a passengertransport aircraft in November 1990. In recognition of this accomplishment, he was nominated jointlyby ARINC, ALPA, AOPA, ATA, NBAA, and RTCA for the 1991 Collier Trophy for his pioneering workin proving the concept of GPS aided precision approaches. He led a project to define the experimentaland operational requirements for a transport aircraft suitable for conducting flight experiments and toacquire such an aircraft. Today, that aircraft is the NASA Langley B-757 ARIES flight research Spitzer was the NASA representative to the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee.