CampaignPlanning: Toolsof the Trade

1 Campaign Planning: Tools of the Trade Third Edition by Dr. Jack D. Kem Department of Joint, Interagency, and multinational operations Army Command and General Staff College Army Combined Arms Center Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Report Documentation PageForm ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, ArlingtonVA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if itdoes not display a currently valid OMB control number.

2 1. REPORT DATE MAR 2009 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Campaign Planning: Tools of the Trade 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Army Command and General Staff College, Army CombinedArms Center,Department of Joint, Interagency, and MultinationalOperations,Fort Leavenworth,KS,66027 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same asReport (SAR) 18. NUMBEROF PAGES 152 19a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c.

3 THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Campaign Planning: Tools of the Trade Third Edition by Dr. Jack D. Kem Department of Joint, Interagency, and multinational operations Army Command and General Staff College Army Combined Arms Center Fort Leavenworth, Kansas March 2009 Cover Photo: Mobilization class during World War II. Gruber Hall was used as a classroom for the Command and General Staff College due to the large class sizes during World War II. Instructional Aid Services, Command & General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth Kansas Foreword Campaign Planning: Tools of the Trade is designed to be used as a handbook for initially developing campaigns at the US Army Command and General Staff College.

4 This work provides working definitions of campaign concepts and tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) for campaign planners. Key concepts included in this handbook include critical reasoning and creative thinking; ends, ways, and means; center of gravity analysis; developing distinct courses of action; logical lines of operations ; targeting techniques; wargaming; and assessment. Although all of the concepts and TTPs in this handbook are based on joint and US Army doctrine, they represent a way to approach campaign planning rather than the way that must be followed. The intent is to provide a starting point for developing campaigns with particular emphasis on ensuring unity of purpose in planning and executing campaigns. As the US military continues its efforts in campaigns in the global war on terrorism, the concepts in this monograph are well worth considering and incorporating in campaign planning. iii iv Table of Contents Page iii Table of v vii 1 Chapter One.

5 Critical Reasoning/Creative 5 Chapter Two. Ends, Ways, and 15 Chapter Three. Center of Gravity 25 Chapter Four. Developing Distinct Courses of 35 Chapter Five. Logical Lines of 47 Chapter Six. Targeting: Critical 71 Chapter Seven. Targeting: Target Value 93 Chapter Eight. Course of Action Analysis 101 Chapter Nine. Assessment: MOP and 117 Chapter Ten. 129 Appendix A: 133 About the 141 v vi Figures Chapter One 1 1. How to 5 1 2. Critical Reasoning 7 1 3. Critical Reasoning 8 1 4. Creative Thinking (FM 6 22).. 9 1 5. Creative Thinking 1 6. Creative Thinking 11 Chapter Two 2 1. How to 15 2 2. End 16 2 3.

6 Ends, Ways, and 23 Chapter Three 3 1. Centers of 25 3 2. Decisive 30 Chapter Four 4 1. Course of Action Development JP 5 35 4 2. Operational Concept JP 5 4 3. Course of Action Characteristics JP 5 37 4 4. Course of Action Development FM 5 38 4 5. Course of Action Characteristics FM 3 39 4 6. Defeat 4 7. Stability 42 4 8. COA Development 43 Chapter Five 5 1. Physical Lines of operations 5 2. Lines of operations 5 3. Interior and Exterior 5 4. Logical Lines of Operation 50 vii 5 5. Lines of Effort 51 5 6. Lines of Effort Stability 5 7.

7 Bad Example of 53 5 8. Good Example of 54 5 9. GEN Franks Lines and Slices .. 58 5 10. Northern Iraq Logical Lines of 59 5 11. Northern Iraq Operational 5 12. Northern Iraq 61 5 13. Northern Iraq Crosswalk 5 14. ISAF Campaign Plan 63 Chapter Six 6 1. Centers of 72 6 2. Critical 6 Factors JP 5 73 6 4. Critical 6 5. Critical 6 6. Critical 76 6 7. Enemy COG Analysis COG and 6 8. Enemy COG Analysis 6 9. Enemy COG Analysis 80 6 10. Enemy COG Analysis 6 11. Enemy CR/CV 82 6 12. Friendly COG Analysis 83 6 13. Friendly COG Analysis 6 14. Friendly COG Analysis 85 6 15. Friendly COG Analysis 6 16. Friendly COG Analysis CR/CV 6 17. Friendly COG Analysis CR/CV Crosswalk (Continued)..87 6 18. CV 6 19. CV Construct 6 20. CV Construct and Ends, Ways, viii Chapter Seven 7 1.

8 Target Value 93 7 2. TVA 7 3. Critical Vulnerability 95 7 4. CV Construct/TVA 7 5. Warden s 7 6. Warden s System 98 7 7. Comparison of System 98 Chapter Eight 8 1. Wargaming Steps 8 2. Wargaming Steps 8 3. Wargaming Steps 8 4. Evaluation Criteria: 109 8 5. Wargame Turn 112 Chapter Nine 9 1. Assessment Levels and 118 9 2. MOP MOE 121 9 3. Northern Iraq 9 4. Northern Iraq Key Tasks Rule of Law 122 9 5. Northern Iraq Subtasks Rule of Law 9 6. Hurricane Katrina MOP MOE 124 Appendix A A 1. Operational Center of Gravity A 2. Logical Lines of A 3. Endstate MOE/MOP ix x Introduction The purpose for this monograph is straightforward.

9 To provide tools for campaign planning and to assist planners in considering not only the traditional warfighting aspects of campaign planning but also all of the other actions that are necessary for success in winning a war and ultimately winning the peace. Campaign planning traditionally thought of as a linear process with distinct phases and sequential actions is enormously more complex today. To address that complexity, this monograph provides a number of techniques to address campaign planning to win not only the traditional defensive and offensive operations that are inherent in campaigns but also the stability operations and support operations that have gained increasing importance. The actions the warfighter takes in offensive and defensive operations are not executed in isolation from stability operations ; Phase IV as a distinct phase of the campaign is not the sole domain of stability operations . Likewise, actions taken in the traditional warfighting phases of defensive and offensive operations can have enormous impact on stability operations .

10 Stability operations may be conducted in all operational environments and during all phases of a campaign or major Let me put it another way, while running the risk of simplifying how we address warfighting today. The typical warfighting scenario that exists in the US military for operational level commanders includes a number of phases. First, the organization receives a warning order and begins to prepare for the fight. Once the actual order to deploy is given, units go through a series of actions to alert, marshal, and deploy into a theater. This is followed by the process of reception, staging, onward movement, and integration (RSOI). Units arrive in theater, are met (reception), stage in staging areas to prepare for the fight, move to initial assembly areas, and then are integrated into the plan. It 1 takes time to build up sufficient forces for offensive operations .