Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook

1 climate smart AGRICULTURES ourcebookSourcebookFood and Agriculture organization oF the united nations2013 The designations employed and the presentation of material in thisinformation product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, cityor area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers,whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these havebeen endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similarnature that are not views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) anddo not necessarily reflect the views or policies of 978-92-5-107720-7 (print)E-ISBN 978-92-5-107721-4 (PDF) FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in thisinformation product.

2 Except where otherwise indicated, material may becopied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teachingpurposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided thatappropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder isgiven and that FAO s endorsement of users views, products or services is notimplied in any requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and othercommercial use rights should be made via addressed to information products are available on the FAO website ( ) and can be purchased through of contentsTable of contentsMODULE 1: Why Climate-Smart Agriculture , forestry and fisheriesOverview and Key messages Food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges Towards more efficient and resilient systems Increase systemic efficiency and resilience: policies, institutions finances What s new with CSA? Conclusions and focus of the Sourcebook 30 MODULE 2: Managing landscapes for Climate-Smart agricultural systemsOverview and Key messages Why is a landscape approach needed for achieving Climat- smart Agriculture ?

3 How can a landscape approach be implemented? Examples of landscape approaches Conclusions 76 MODULE 3: Water managementOverview and Key messages Introduction Water management in Agriculture : status and trends Potential impacts of climate change on water in Agriculture Vulnerability to climate change and resilience: a variety of situations Assessing risk, preparing responses Options for adaptation to climate change Prioritizing options with an eye on vulnerable categories of people Conditions for successful adaptation Water management for climate change mitigation Conclusions 97 MODULE 4: Soils and their management for Climate-Smart agricultureOverview and Key messages Principles of soil health, key functions and soil: plant-water interrelations Challenges of climate change to soils Soil principles for climate change adaptation and mitigation and enhancing resilience in different contexts Successful examples of soil management practices for Climate-Smart Agriculture with a focus on resilience Conclusions 124 MODULE 5: Sound Management of Energy for Climate-Smart agricultureOverview and Key messages Introduction Energy and the agrifood system Energy- smart food in the CSA context Moving forward possible energy solutions for CSA Conclusions 165ivCLIMATE- smart Agriculture SOURCEBOOKMODULE 6: Conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agricultureOverview and Key messages Genetic resources for food and Agriculture Genetic resources for food and Agriculture : a prerequisite for Climate-Smart Agriculture Concluding remarks 185 MODULE 7.

4 Climate-Smart crop production systemOverview and Key messages Introduction climate change impacts Sustainable crop production intensification Underlying principles: management of natural biological processes Climate-Smart approaches and practices Conclusions 204 MODULE 8: Climate-Smart LivestockOverview and Key messages Introduction Adaptation and mitigation needs Climate-Smart livestock Conclusions 227 MODULE 9: Climate-Smart forestryOverview and Key messages 239 MODULE 10: Climate-Smart fisheries and aquacultureOverview and Key messages Introduction Climate-Smart approaches Practical themes for developing Climate-Smart fisheries and aquaculture Strategic Climate-Smart approaches for the sector Progress of fisheries and aquaculture towards CSA Transitioning to CSA Conclusions 271 MODULE 11: Developing sustainable and inclusive food value chains for Climate-Smart agricultureOverview and Key messages Introduction to sustainable and inclusive food value chains Sustainable and inclusive food value chains in practice: the case of food losses and waste Step-by-step approach for chain actors to improve their performance along the sustainable and inclusive food value chain Conclusions 312 MODULE 12.

5 Local institutionsOverview and Key messages Introduction Key institutions for CSA initiatives Building synergies Quick institutional context assessment Conclusions 345vTable of contentsMODULE 13: Mainstreaming Climate-Smart Agriculture into National Policies and ProgrammesOverview and Key messages Climate-Smart Agriculture within larger economic and policy frameworks Improve market accessibility: policy and financial instruments Improving access to knowledge and monitoring: the role of implementing actors Conclusions 369 MODULE 14: Financing Climate-Smart agricultureOverview and Key messages Introduction How does climate change affect investment needs for Agriculture ? Global climate finance: catalysing the transition towards CSA Preparing for the way forward in international CSA financing 406 MODULE 15: Disaster Risk Reduction: Strengthening Livelihood ResilienceOverview and Key messages Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation Planning for resilience against multiple risks Building on community-based approaches to DRR and adaptation Scaling up proven technologies and practices for resilient livelihoods The enabling framework of DRR to support CSA Concluding remarks and recommendations 438 MODULE 16: Making Climate-Smart Agriculture a work for the most vulnerable: the role of safety netsOverview and Key messages Introduction Social protection and safety nets a conceptual overview Key functions of safety nets in relation to CSA Challenges and lessons learned Conclusions 463 MODULE 17.

6 Capacity development for Climate-Smart agricultureOverview and Key messages Introduction Strategies for improving policy coherence and effectiveness Strategies for knowledge sharing and effective learning Conclusions 487 MODULE 18: Assessment, monitoring and evaluationOverview and Key messages Introduction Defining assessment, monitoring and evaluation for CSA: scope, purposes, frameworks and concepts How to conduct assessments for CSA policy and project design How to implement monitoring and evaluation for CSA programmes and projects Challenges and guiding principles Examples of assessment, monitoring and evaluation Conclusions 534 GLOSSARY 545viCLIMATE- smart Agriculture SOURCEBOOKA cknowledgementsThe drafting of this Sourcebook on Climate-Smart Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries has been a collaborative effort involving professionals from within several departments of FAO and a variety of partner organizations.

7 Many individuals played a leading role as main authors and coordinators in the preparation of the modules, while others made written contributions to the Modules boxes and case studies. The conceptualization and production of this Sourcebook was coordinated by Lucia Palombi and Reuben Sessa, under the overall supervision of the Director of the climate , Energy and Tenure Division of FAO Xiangjun Yao and the Senior Natural Resources Officer Tiina V h nen. Editorial support was provided by Denise Mart nez Breto, Kaisa Karttunen, Gordon Ramsay and Alessandra Bresnan while the graphic design was elaborated by Maria Guardia and Fabrizio 1 on why Climate-Smart Agriculture , forestry and fisheries was written by Alexandre Meybeck (FAO) and Vincent Gitz (FAO) with contributions from Richie Ahuja (EDF India), Kevern Cochrane (FAO), Anette Engelund Friis (World Farmers Organization), Elwyn Grainger-Jones (IFAD), Hsin Huang (OECD), Chang-Gil Kim (KREI-South Korea), Atta-Krah Kwesi (Bioversity International), James Lomax (UNEP), Dr B.

8 Mantlana (South Africa), Hayden Montgomery (New Zealand), Lucia Perugini (University of Perugia) and Dipti Thapa (World Bank). The module was reviewed by Shivaji Pandey and Wilfrid 2 on managing landscapes for Climate-Smart agricultural ecosystems was written by Marja-Liisa Tapio-Bistrom (FAO), Anne Bogdanski (FAO) and Lisen Runsten (FAO) with contributions from Anni Arial (FAO); Nadine Azzu (FAO); Sally Bunning (FAO); Christina Seeberg-Elverfeldt (FAO); David Coates (CBD secretariat); Zhijun Chen (FAO); Cassandra De Young (FAO); Paolo Groppo (FAO); Marc Dumas Johansen (FAO); Damiano Luchetti (FAO); Sheila Mwanundu (IFAD); Matthias Reiche (FAO); Janie Rioux (FAO); Reuben Sessa (FAO); Kim-Anh Tem-pelman (FAO); Stephen Twomlow (IFAD); and Tiina Vahanen (FAO). Box was written by Maria Nuutinen (FAO). Case Study was written by Richard Hatfield (Natural Capital East Africa). Case Study was written by David Boerma (FAO). Case study was written by Doris Soto (FAO).

9 Case Study was written by Lisen Runsten (FAO) and Manuela Vollbrecht (FAO). Case Study was written by Pieter Van Lierop (FAO) and Petteri Vuorinen (FAO). Case Study was written by Wu Ning (ICIMOD) and Hans Joosten (University of Greifswald). Case Study was written by Sally Bunning (FAO) and Monica Petri (FAO). Case Study was written by Tomas Lindemann (FAO), Paola Palestini (FAO) and Daniela Morra (FAO).Module 3 on water management was written Jean-Marc Faur s (FAO) with contributions from Devin Bartley (FAO), Mohamed Bazza (FAO), Jacob Burke (FAO), Jippe Hoogeveen (FAO), Doris Soto (FAO) and Pasquale Steduto (FAO).Module 4 on soils and their management for CSA was written by Sally Bunning (FAO), Sandra Corsi (FAO) and Ronald Vargas (FAO).Module 5 on energy was written by Olivier Dubois (FAO), Alessandro Flammini (FAO), Anne Bogdanski (FAO) and Jonathan Reeves (FAO).Module 6 on conservation and sustainable use for genetic resources for food and Agriculture was written by Damiano Luchetti, Ehsan Dulloo, Anna Asfaw and Linda Collette (FAO) with contributions by Devin Bartley, Cas-sandra De Young, Mary Jane Dela Cruz, Matthias Halwart, Kathrin Hett, Irene Hoffmann, Mario Marino, Albert Nikiema, Dafydd Pilling, Beate Scherf, Doris Soto, Kim-Anh Tempelman and lvaro Toledo (FAO) in coordination with the Secretariat of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and FAO s inter-depart-mental working group on 7 on crop production systems was written by Nadine Azzu (FAO) and Suzanne Redfern (FAO) with contri-butions from Theodor Friedrich (FAO), Gualbert Gbehounou (FAO), Amir Kassam (FAO), Chikelu Mba (FAO) and Cornelis VanDuijvendijk (FAO).

10 ViiAcknowledgementsModule 8 livestock was written by Pierre Gerber (FAO) with contributions from Benjamin Henderson (FAO) and Carolyn Opio (FAO). Case study was written by Muhammad Ibrahim (IICA-Belize), Crist bal Villanueva (CATIE), Claudia Sep lveda (CATIE), Diego Tobar (CATIE-Costa Rica), Guillermo Chuncho (CATIE).The key messages for Module 9 on Climate-Smart forestry were written by Susan Bratz (FAO). Module 10 on Climate-Smart fisheries and aquaculture was written by Cassandra De Young (FAO), Doris Soto (FAO) and James Muir (FAO consultant) with contributions by Randall Brummett (World Bank) and Matthias Halwart (FAO) and in coordination with the Global Partnership for climate , Fisheries and Aquaculture (PaCFA). Box on Climate-Smart tuna fishing was written by Johann Bell (SPC). Box on culture based fish-eries was written by Sena De Silva (Deakin University) and Doris Soto (FAO). Box on fuelwood saving fish processing technology was written by Yvette DieiOuadi (FAO).