DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK

1 DOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 JANUARY 1993 DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOKCHEMISTRYV olume 1 of Department of Energy FSC-6910 Washington, 20585 Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is document has been reproduced directly from the best available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific andTechnical Information. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; prices availablefrom (615) to the public from the National Technical Information Services, of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal., Springfield, VA No. DE93011966 DOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 CHEMISTRYABSTRACTTheChemistryHandbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractorsin providing operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff with the necessaryfundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of chemistry . The HANDBOOK includesinformation on the atomic structure of matter; chemical bonding; chemical equations; chemicalinteractions involved with corrosion processes; water chemistry control, including the principlesof water treatment; the hazards of chemicals and gases, and basic gaseous diffusion information will provide personnel with a foundation for understanding the chemicalproperties of materials and the way these properties can impose limitations on the operation ofequipment and Words:Training Material, Atomic Structure of Matter, The Periodic Table of theElements, Chemical Bonding, Corrosion, Water chemistry Control, Water Treatment Principles,Chemical Hazards, Gaseous Diffusion ProcessesRev.

2 0CH DOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 CHEMISTRYFOREWORDTheDepartment of Energy (DOE) FUNDAMENTALS Handbooksconsist of ten academicsubjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, andFluid Flow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; MechanicalScience; chemistry ; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics andReactor Theory. The handbooks are provided as an aid to DOE nuclear facility handbooks were first published as Reactor Operator FUNDAMENTALS Manuals in 1985for use by DOE category A reactors.

3 The subject areas, subject matter content, and level ofdetail of the Reactor Operator FUNDAMENTALS Manuals were determined from several Category A reactor training managers determined which materials should be included, andserved as a primary reference in the initial development phase. Training guidelines from thecommercial nuclear power industry, results of job and task analyses, and independent input fromcontractors and operations-oriented personnel were all considered and included to some degreein developing the text material and learning FUNDAMENTALS Handbooksrepresent the needs of various DOE nuclear facilities fundamental training requirements. To increase their applicability to nonreactor nuclear facilities,the Reactor Operator FUNDAMENTALS Manual learning objectives were distributed to the NuclearFacility Training Coordination Program Steering Committee for review and comment. To updatetheir reactor-specific content, DOE Category A reactor training managers also reviewed andcommented on the content.

4 On the basis of feedback from these sources, information that appliedto two or more DOE nuclear facilities was considered generic and was included. The final draftof each of the handbooks was then reviewed by these two groups. This approach has resultedin revised modular handbooks that contain sufficient detail such that each facility may adjust thecontent to fit their specific HANDBOOK contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and textmaterial, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individualDOE contractors to suit their specific training needs. Each HANDBOOK is supported by a separateexamination bank with an answer FUNDAMENTALS Handbookshave been prepared for the Assistant Secretary forNuclear Energy, Office of Nuclear Safety Policy and Standards, by the DOE TrainingCoordination Program. This program is managed by EG&G Idaho, 0CH DOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 CHEMISTRYOVERVIEWTheDepartment of Energy FUNDAMENTALS HandbookentitledChemistrywas prepared asan information resource for personnel who are responsible for the operation of the Department snuclear facilities.

5 An understanding of chemistry will enable contractor personnel to understandthe intent of the chemical concerns within their facility. A basic understanding of chemistry isnecessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff tosafely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. The information in thehandbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineering concepts to the job. Thisknowledge will help personnel understand the impact that their actions may have on the safe andreliable operation of facility components and consists of five modules that are contained in two volumes. Thefollowing is a brief description of the information presented in each module of the 1 of 2 Module 1 - FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryIntroduces concepts on the atomic structure of matter. Discusses the periodic tableand the significance of the information in a periodic table. Explains chemicalbonding, the laws of chemistry , and chemical A - Basic Separation TheoryIntroduces basic separation theory for the gaseous diffusion converter construction and basic operating 2 - CorrosionSupplies basic information on the chemical interaction taking place during thecorrosion process between the environment and the corroding 0CH DOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 CHEMISTRYOVERVIEW (Cont.)

6 Volume 2 of 2 Module 3 - Reactor Water ChemistryDescribes the chemical measures taken to retard the corrosion often found in watersystems. The consequences of radioactivity on facility cooling water systems arealso 4 - Principles of Water TreatmentDetails the principles of ion exchange in the context of water purity. Discussestypical water treatment methods and the basis for these 5 - Hazards of Chemicals and GasesExplains why certain chemicals are considered hazardous to facility general safety rules on handling and information contained in this HANDBOOK is by no means all encompassing. An attemptto present the entire subject of chemistry would be , theChemistryHandbook does present enough information to provide the reader with a fundamental knowledgelevel sufficient to understand the advanced theoretical concepts presented in other subject areas,and to better understand basic system and equipment 0CH Department of EnergyFundamentals HandbookCHEMISTRYM odule 1 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryFundamentals of ChemistryDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ivLIST OF viiCHARACTERISTICS OF of Atom s of 11 THE PERIODIC 12 Periodic 12 Classes of the Periodic 16 Group 18 Atomic Structure of 22 CHEMICAL 23 Chemical 23 Ionic 24 Covalent 25 Metallic 27 Van der Waals 27 Organic 30 Rev.

7 0 Page iCH-01 TABLE OF CONTENTSDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryTABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) 31 Basic Chemical 31 Forming Chemical 32 Combining 34 CHEMICAL 36Le Chatelier s 38 Parts per 39 Chemical 40 Balancing Chemical 45 ACIDS, BASES, SALTS, AND 48pH .. 48pOH .. 49 Dissociation 53 APPENDIX A BASIC SEPARATION A-1 Isotopic A-1 Separation A-2 Barrier A-6 Circuit iiRev. 0 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Gas Gas 0 Page iiiCH-01 LIST OF FIGURESDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryLIST OF FIGURESF igure 1 Schematic of a Simple Atom (Helium).. 2 Figure 2 A Mole of Gold Compared to a Mole of 9 Figure 3 Periodic Table of the 15 Figure 4 Regional Schematic of Periodic 16 Figure 5 Electron Shells of 19 Figure 6 Ionic Bond, Sodium 24 Figure 7 Covalent Bond, Methane 25 Figure 8 Formation of the Carbon Dioxide 26 Figure 9 Coordinate Covalent Bond, Chlorate Ion 26 Figure 10 Van der Waals 28 Figure 11 29 Figure 12 29 Figure 13 30 Figure 14 30 Figure 15 30 Figure 16 31 Figure 17 Ion Product Constant for 52 Figure A-1 "R" Stage A-2 Variation of Permeability with the Slope Factor and Change in A-3 Pressures, Temperatures, and Flows in a Typical V-31 A-4 Typical ivRev.

8 0 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 LIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLEST able 1 Properties of the Atom and its Fundamental 2 Table of 3 Description of the Properties of the First Twenty 12 Table 4 Electrons, Orbital, and Shell Relationships in Atomic 20 Table 5 Ion Product Constant and Neutral pH for Water at Various 51 Table A-1 Converter Stage Size vs. 0 Page vCH-01 REFERENCESDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryREFERENCESD onald H. Andrews and Richard J. Kokes, Fundamental chemistry , John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 1963 Compressed Gas Association, Inc., HANDBOOK of Compressed Gases, 2nd Edition,Reinhold Publishing Corporation, A. Day, Jr. and R. C. Johnson, General chemistry , Prentice Hall, Inc., , Gray, Darensbourg and Darensbourg, Chemical Principles, 4th Edition, TheBenjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Program for Nuclear Plant Personnel, Volume II, chemistry , Columbia, MD,General Physics Corporation, Library of Congress Card #A 326517, Physics Corporation, FUNDAMENTALS of chemistry , General Physics Corporation, and Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering, 3rd Edition, Van NostrandReinhold Company, , Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations Engineering andTechnology, Volume 2, 8th Edition, National Safety Council, and Plane, Chemical Principles and Properties, 2nd Edition, McGraw and Hill, , chemistry for Colleges and Schools, 2nd Edition, Edward Arnold, Ltd.

9 , V. Steere and Associates, CRC HANDBOOK of Laboratory Safety, 2nd Edition,CRC Press, Inc., viRev. 0 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 OBJECTIVESTERMINAL references,DESCRIBEthe characteristics of an following of atomic molecular components of an atom, their relative sizes, and criterion used to classify an atom following subdivisions of the periodic of the periodic of the periodic of the periodic a periodic table,IDENTIFYthe following of the periodic of the periodic of the periodic characteristics that elements in the same group on the periodic table term 0 Page viiCH-01 OBJECTIVESDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryTERMINAL an incomplete chemical equation,BALANCEthe equation by the following der Waals physical arrangement and bonding of a polar three basic laws of chemical elements combine to form chemical probability of any two elements combining to form a following Chatelier s following equations that combine elements and/or viiiRev.

10 0 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 OBJECTIVESTERMINAL sufficient information about a solution,CALCULATEthe pH and pOH of following constant of formula for formula for pH of a specified 0 Page ixCH-01 OBJECTIVESDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryIntentionally Left BlankCH-01 Page xRev. 0 FUNDAMENTALS of ChemistryDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93 CHARACTERISTICS OF ATOMSRev. 0CH-01 Page 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ATOMSC hemistry is defined as the systematic investigation of the properties,structure, and behavior of matter and the changes matter undergoes. Thisgeneral definition raises many questions. These questions are answered inthe study of chemistry . Terms and basic concepts that help in understandingchemistry will be discussed in this the following of atomic molecular weightEO the components of an atom, their relative sizes, the criterion used to classify an atom of MatterThe term states of matter refers to the physical forms in which matter exists: solid, liquid, andgas.