ECE 2110 Electrical Engineering Laboratory I

1 ECE 2110 Electrical Engineering Laboratory IA Companion Course to ECE 2020 - Electrical Circuits IByDr. Apoorva Kapadia(Undergraduate Laboratory Coordinator)andDr. Afshin Ahmadi(Former Laboratory Teaching Assistant)Updated on August 17, 2020 The Holcombe Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringClemson UniversityClemson, SC - InformationiIntroduction ..iStudent Responsibilities ..iLaboratory Teaching Assistant Responsibilities ..iiFaculty Coordinator Responsibilities ..iiLab Policy and Grading ..iiCourse Goals and Objectives .. iiiUse of Laboratory Instruments .. ivAmmeters and Voltmeters .. ivInstrument Protection Rules .. ivData Recording and Reports .. viThe Laboratory Notebook .. viThe Lab Report .. viLab 1 - Orientation1 Lab 2 - DC Measurements3 Lab 3 - Workstation Characteristics7 Lab 4 - Introduction to LTspice13 Lab 5 - Network Theorems I17 Lab 6 - Network Theorems II22 Lab 7 - The Oscilloscope27 Lab 8 - RC and RL Circuits34 Lab 9 - Series RLC Circuits38 Lab 10 - Statistical Analysis44 Lab 11 - design Lab47 Lab 12 - Final Exam51 Appendix A - Safety531 Appendix B - Fundamentals of Electrical Measurements57 Appendix C - Fundamentals of Statistical Analysis65 Appendix D - Resistor Identification73 Course Information1 IntroductionThis course is intended to enhance the learning experience of the student in topics encountered inECE 2020.

2 In this lab, students are expected to get hands-on experience in using the basic measuringdevices used in Electrical Engineering and in interpreting the results of measurement operations in termsof the concepts introduced in the first Electrical circuits course. How the student performs in the labdepends on his/her preparation, participation, and teamwork. Each team member must participate in allaspects of the lab to insure a thorough understanding of the equipment and concepts. The student, labteaching assistant, and faculty coordinator all have certain responsibilities toward successful completionof the lab s goals and Student ResponsibilitiesThe student is expected to be prepared for each lab. Lab preparation includes reading the labexperiment and related textbook material. If you have questions or problems with the preparation,contact your Laboratory Teaching Assistant (LTA), but in a timely manner.

3 Do not wait until an houror two before the lab and then expect the LTA to be immediately participation by each student in lab activities is expected. The student is expected to askthe LTA any questions they may not make costly mistakes because you did not aska question before large portion of the student s grade is determined in the comprehensive final exam, resulting ina requirement of understanding the concepts and procedure of each lab experiment for the successfulcompletion of the lab class. The student should remain alert and use common sense while performinga lab experiment. They are also responsible for keeping a professional and accurate record of the labexperiments in the lab manual wherever tables are provided. Students should report any errors in thelab manual to the teaching Laboratory Teaching Assistant ResponsibilitiesThe LTA shall be completely familiar with each lab prior to class. The LTA shall provide the studentswith a syllabus and safety review during the first class.

4 The syllabus shall include the LTA s office hours,telephone number, and the name of the faculty coordinator. The LTA is responsible for ensuring thatall the necessary equipment and/or preparations for the lab are available and in working experiments should be checked in advance to make sure everything is in working order. The LTAshould fully answer any questions posed by the students and supervise the students performing the labexperiments. The LTA is expected to grade the lab notebooks and reports in a fair and timely reports should be returned to the students in the next lab period following submission. The LTAshould report any errors in the lab manual to the faculty Faculty Coordinator ResponsibilitiesThe faculty coordinator should ensure that the Laboratory is properly equipped, , that the teachingassistants receive any equipment necessary to perform the experiments. The coordinator is responsiblefor supervising the teaching assistants and resolving any questions or problems that are identified bythe teaching assistants or the students.

5 The coordinator may supervise the format of the final exam forthe lab. They are also responsible for making any necessary corrections to this manual and ensuringthat it is continually updated and Lab Policy and GradingThe student should understand the following policy:ATTENDANCE: Attendance is mandatory and any absence must be for a valid excuse and mustbe documented. If the instructor is more than 15 minutes late, students may consider lab for the RECORDS: The student must:1. Keep all work in preparation of and obtained during lab; and2. Prepare a lab report on experiments selected by the POLICY: The final grade of this course is determined using the criterion detailed in thesyllabus:In-class work will be determined by the LTA, who, at their discretion using information and obser-vations of the students performing the lab. The final exam will contain a written part and a practical(physical operations) AND CO-REQUISITES: The lab course is to be taken during the samesemester as ECE 2020, but receives a separate grade.

6 If ECE 2020 is dropped, then ECE 2110 mustbe dropped as well. Students are required to have completed both MTHSC 108 and PHYS 122 with aiiC or better grade in each. Students are also assumed to have completed a programming class and befamiliar with the use of a computer-based word that the instructor reserves the right to alter any part of this information attheir discretion. Any changes will be announced in class and distributed in writing to thestudents prior to the changes taking Course Goals and ObjectivesThe Electrical Circuits Laboratory I is designed to provide the student with the knowledge to usebasic measuring instruments and techniques with proficiency. These techniques are designed to com-plement the concepts introduced in ECE 2020. In addition, the student should learn how to recordexperimental results effectively and present these results in a written report. More explicitly, the classobjectives are:1.

7 To gain proficiency in the use of common measuring To enhance understanding of basic electric circuit analysis concepts including: Independent sources. Passive circuit components (resistors, capacitors, inductors, and switches). Ohm s law, Kirchhoff s voltage law, and Kirchhoff s current law. Power and energy relations. Thvenin s theorem and Norton s theorem. To develop communication skills through: Maintenance of succinct but complete Laboratory notebooks as permanent, written descriptions ofprocedures, results, and analyses. Verbal interchanges with the Laboratory instructor and other students. Preparation of succinct but complete Laboratory To compare theoretical predictions with experimental results and to determine the source of anyapparent Use of Laboratory InstrumentsOne of the major goals of this lab is to familiarize the student with the proper equipment andtechniques for making Electrical measurements.

8 Some understanding of the lab instruments is necessaryto avoid personal or equipment damage. By understanding the device s purpose and following a fewsimple rules, costly mistakes can be Ammeters and VoltmetersThe most common measurements are those of voltages and currents. Throughout this manual , theammeter and voltmeter are represented as shown in Figure IS VERY SMALL (IDEALLY ZERO)VR IS VERY LARGE (IDEALLY INFINITE)Figure 1: Ammeter and VoltmeterAmmeters are used to measure the flow of Electrical current in a circuit. Theoretically, measuringdevices should not affect the circuit being studied. Thus, for ammeters, it is important that their internalresistance be very small (ideally near zero) so they will not restrict/reduce the flow of current. However,if the ammeter is connected across a voltage difference, it will conduct a large current and damage , ammeters must always be connected in series in a circuit, never inparallel with a circuit currents may also damage the needle on an analog high currents cause the needle to move too quickly, hitting the pin at the end of the the ammeter to the highest scale possible, then adjust downward to the are used to measure the potential difference between two points.

9 Since the voltmetershould not affect the circuit, the voltmeters have very high (ideally infinite) impedance. Thus, thevoltmeter should not draw any current, and not affect the circuit. Given these requirements, voltmetersmust be connected in parallel in a circuit, never in series with a circuit general, all devices have physical limits. These limits are specified by the device manufacturer andare referred to as the device rating. The ratings are usually expressed in terms of voltage limits, currentlimits, or power limits. It is up to the engineer to make sure that in device operation, these ratings(limit values) are not exceeded. The following rules provide a guideline for instrument Instrument Protection Rules1. Set instrument scales to the highest range before turning on the Be sure instrument grounds are connected properly. Avoid accidental grounding of hot leads, , those that are above ground Check polarity markings and connections of instruments carefully before connecting )Neverconnect an ammeter across a voltage source.

10 Only connect ammeters in series with Do not exceed the voltage and current ratings of instruments or other circuit elements. Thisparticularly applies to wattmeters since the current or voltage rating may be exceeded with theneedle still on the Be sure the fuse and circuit breakers are of suitable value. When connecting Electrical elementsto make up a network in the Laboratory , it is easy to lose track of various points in the networkand accidentally connect a wire to the wrong place. A procedure to follow that helps to avoidthis is to connect the main series part of the network first, then go back and add the elements inparallel. As an element is added, place a small check by it on your circuit diagram. Then go backand verify all connections before turning on the power. One day someone s life may depend uponyour making sure that all has been done Data Recording and The Laboratory NotebookStudents must record their experimental values in the provided tables in this Laboratory manualand reproduce them in the lab reports.