Essentials of Sociology

1 Essentials of SociologyA Down-to-Earth ApproachThirteenth EditionJames M. HenslinSouthern Illinois University, Edwardsville330 Hudson Street, NY NY 112/12/17 12:58 AMAcknowledgments of third party content appear on pages CR-1 CR-7, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page. Cultural Diversity Around the World: Doing Business in the Global Village box contains art with the following credit: Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z 2009 Cartoon Network, Toei Animation & Aniplex. All Rights Reserved. THE POWERPUFF GIRLS and all related characters and elements are trademarks of and Cartoon 2019, 2017, 2014, 2012 by James M. Henslin. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise.

2 For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Rights & Permissions Department, please visit and ALWAYS LEARNING are exclusive trademarks owned by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates in the United States and/or other otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Henslin, James M., : Essentials of Sociology : a down-to-earth approach / James M. Henslin, Southern Illinois University, : Thirteenth edition.

3 | Boston : Pearson, [2019]Identifiers: LCCN 2017048320 (print) | LCCN 2017052388 (ebook) | ISBN 9780134740041 (ebook) | ISBN 9780134736570 (student edition : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780134740003 (a la carte : alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: : LCC HM586 (ebook) | LCC HM586 .H43 2019 (print) | DDC 301 dc23LC record available at 19VP, Product Development: Dickson MusslewhitePortfolio Manager: Jeff MarshallEditorial Assistant: Christina WinterburnDevelopment Editor: Jennifer Auvil (OPS)Program Team Lead: Amber MackeyContent Producer: Mary DonovanDirector of Field Marketing: Jonathan CottrellField Marketer: Brittany Pogue-Mohammed AcostaOperations Manager: Mary FischerOperations Specialist: Mary Ann GloriandeDirector of Design: Blair BrownCover Art Director: Kathryn FootCover Design: LuminaDigital Studio Project Manager: Rich BarnesFull-Service Project Management and Composition: IntegraPrinter/Binder: LSC Communications, IncCover Printer: Phoenix Color/HagerstownRental EditionISBN 10: 0-13-473658-3 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-473658-7 Revel ACISBN 10: 0-13-473989-2 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-473989-2 ALCISBN 10: 0-13-473999-XISBN 13.

4 978-0-13-474000-3 Instructor s Resource EditionISBN 10: 0-13-473999-XISBN 13: 212/12/17 12:58 AMTo my fellow sociologists,who do such creative research on social life and who communicate the sociological imagination to generations of students. With my sincere admiration and 312/12/17 12:58 AM 1 The Sociological Perspective 1 2 Culture 38 3 Socialization 68 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 101 5 Social Groups and Formal Organizations 133 6 Deviance and Social Control 162 7 Global Stratification 195 8 Social Class in the United States 228 9 Race and Ethnicity 263 10 Gender and Age 303 11 Politics and the Economy 345 12 Marriage and Family 381 13 Education and Religion 415 14 Population and Urbanization 451 15 Social Change and the Environment 488 Brief 412/12/17 12:58 AMvTo the Student.

5 From the Author xviiiTo the Instructor .. from the Author xixAbout the Author xxxvi 1 The Sociological Perspective 1 The Sociological Perspective 3 Seeing the Broader Social Context 3 The Global Context and the Local 4 Origins of Sociology 4 Tradition versus Science 5 Auguste Comte and Positivism 5 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 6 karl Marx and Class Conflict 6 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration 7 APPLYING DURKHEIM 7 Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 8 RELIGION AND THE ORIGIN OF CAPITALISM 8 Sociology in North America 9 Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology 9 Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois 10 Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer 11 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory versus Reform 12 The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public Sociology 12 BASIC Sociology 12 APPLIED Sociology 12 PUBLIC Sociology 12 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 14 Symbolic Interactionism 14 SYMBOLS IN EVERYDAY LIFE 14 IN SUM 15 APPLYING SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM 15 IN SUM 16 Functional Analysis 16 ROBERT MERTON AND FUNCTIONALISM 16 IN SUM 17 APPLYING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 17 IN SUM 17 Conflict Theory 18 karl MARX AND CONFLICT THEORY 18 CONFLICT THEORY TODAY 19 FEMINISTS AND CONFLICT THEORY 19 APPLYING CONFLICT THEORY 19 IN SUM 19 Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together 19 Levels of Analysis.

6 Macro and Micro 19 How Theory and Research Work Together 20 Doing Sociological Research 21A Research Model 21 Selecting a Topic 21 Defining the Problem 22 Reviewing the Literature 22 Formulating a Hypothesis 22 Choosing a Research Method 22 Collecting the Data 22 Analyzing the Results 23 Sharing the Results 23 Research Methods (Designs) 24 Surveys 25 SELECTING A SAMPLE 25 ASKING NEUTRAL QUESTIONS 26 TYPES OF QUESTIONS 27 ESTABLISHING RAPPORT 27 Participant Observation (Fieldwork) 28 Case Studies 29 Secondary Analysis 30 Analysis of Documents 30 Experiments 30 Unobtrusive Measures 32 Gender in Sociological Research 32 Ethics in Sociological Research 33 Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 33 Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research 34 Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology 34 Tension in Sociology : Research versus Social Reform 35 THREE STAGES IN Sociology 35 DIVERSITY OF ORIENTATIONS 35 Globalization 35 HOW GLOBALIZATION APPLIES TO THIS TEXT 35 Summary and Review 36 Thinking Critically about Chapter 1 37 2 Culture 38 What Is Culture?

7 40 Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life 40IN SUM 42 Practicing Cultural Relativism 43 ATTACK ON CULTURAL RELATIVISM 44 Components of Symbolic Culture 46 Gestures 46 MISUNDERSTANDING AND OFFENSE 46 UNIVERSAL GESTURES? 47 Language 47 LANGUAGE ALLOWS HUMAN EXPERIENCE TO BE CUMULATIVE 48 LANGUAGE PROVIDES A SOCIAL OR SHARED PAST 48 LANGUAGE PROVIDES A SOCIAL OR SHARED FUTURE 48 LANGUAGE ALLOWS SHARED PERSPECTIVES 48 LANGUAGE ALLOWS SHARED, GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR 49 IN SUM 50 Language and Perception: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 50 Values, Norms, and Sanctions 51 Folkways, Mores, and Taboos 512/12/17 12:58 AMvi ContentsMany Cultural Worlds 53 Subcultures 53 Countercultures 56 Values in Society 56An Overview of Values 56 Value Clusters 57 Value Contradictions 58An Emerging Value Cluster 58IN SUM 59 When Values Clash 60 Values as Distorting Lenses 60 Ideal Culture Versus Real Culture 60 Cultural Universals 60IN SUM 61 Sociobiology and Human Behavior 61IN SUM 62 Technology in the Global Village 62 New Technology 62 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change 64 Technology and Cultural Leveling 64 CULTURAL DIFFUSION 64 COMMUNICATION AND TRAVEL 65 CULTURAL LEVELING 65 Summary and Review 66 Thinking Critically about Chapter 2 67 3 Socialization 68 Society Makes Us Human 70 Feral Children 71 Isolated Children 71

8 Institutionalized Children 72 THE ORPHANAGE EXPERIMENT IN THE UNITED STATES 72 THE ORPHANAGE EXPERIMENT IN ROMANIA 73 TIMING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF GENIE 73 IN SUM 73 Deprived Animals 73IN SUM: SOCIETY MAKES US HUMAN 74 Socialization into the Self and Mind 74 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 74IN SUM 75 Mead and Role Taking 75IN SUM 76 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning 76 Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning 77 Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions 77 Freud and the Development of Personality 77 SOCIOLOGICAL EVALUATION 78 Kohlberg and the Development of Morality 78 KOHLBERG S THEORY 78 CRITICISMS OF KOHLBERG 79 RESEARCH WITH BABIES 79 THE CULTURAL RELATIVITY OF MORALITY 79 Socialization into Emotions 79 GLOBAL EMOTIONS 79 EXPRESSING EMOTIONS: GENDER RULES 79 THE EXTENT OF FEELING RULES 80 WHAT WE FEEL 80 RESEARCH NEEDED 80 Society within Us.

9 The Self and Emotions as a Social Mirror 81IN SUM 81 Socialization into Gender 81 Learning the Gender Map 81 Gender Messages in the Family 82 PARENTS 82 TOYS AND PLAY 82 SAME-SEX PARENTS 84 Gender Messages from Peers 84 Gender Messages in the Mass Media 85 TELEVISION, MOVIES, AND CARTOONS 85 VIDEO GAMES 85 ADVERTISING 85 IN SUM 86 Agents of Socialization 86 The Family 87 SOCIAL CLASS AND TYPE OF WORK 87 SOCIAL CLASS AND PLAY 87 The Neighborhood 87 Religion 88 Day Care 88 The School 89 Peer Groups 90 The Workplace 92 Resocialization 92 Total Institutions 92 Socialization through the Life Course 94 Childhood (from birth to about age 12) 94IN SUM 95 Adolescence (ages 13 17) 95 Transitional Adulthood (ages 18 29) 96 BRING YOUR PARENTS TO WORK DAY 96 The Middle Years (ages 30 65) 96 THE EARLY MIDDLE YEARS (AGES 30 49) 96 THE LATER MIDDLE YEARS (AGES 50 65) 97 The Older Years (about age 65 on) 97 THE TRANSITIONAL OLDER YEARS (AGES 65 74) 97 THE LATER OLDER YEARS (AGE 75 OR SO) 97 Are We Prisoners of Socialization?

10 98 Summary and Review 99 Thinking Critically about Chapter 3 100 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 101 Levels of Sociological Analysis 103 Macrosociology and Microsociology 103 The Macrosociological Perspective: Social Structure 104 The Sociological Significance of Social Structure 104IN SUM 105 Components of Social Structure 105 Culture 106 Social Class 106 Social Status 106 STATUS SETS 106 ASCRIBED AND ACHIEVED STATUSES 106 STATUS SYMBOLS 107 MASTER STATUSES 107 STATUS INCONSISTENCY 612/12/17 12:58 AMContents viiRoles 108 Groups 108 Social Institutions 109 Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives 109 THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE 109 THE CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE 111 IN SUM 111 Changes in Social Structure 111 What Holds Society Together?