Transcription of コンピュータの歴史 - f.waseda.jp
1 Copyright 2005 .. 1642 . 1694 . 1830 Analytical Engine . ( ) .. 1940 MIT . 1944 IBM Mark I 1944 . ( ) .. (23 . ) . 1945 ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and calculator) .. " " 18800 . 120KW ( 30m) 30 1/5000.. EDVAC Moor School 1944 1952 . J. von Neumann 2 .. 1.. 1944 1949 . EDSAC EDVAC (1949 ) . ( . ) . 1954 . 1955 ETL 1956 Fujic . ETL .. (1945-1950 ).. 10msec 500nsec. ENIAC EDSAC EDVAC ILLIAC I UNIVAC I( 1951 ) IBM70X IBM650.. (1960 ).. 500nsec 10nsec . IBM1400 IBM7000 UNIVAC III ILLIAC II . (1960 ). IC ( integrated circuit. IC . ( 1cm ) ) . 2. 30nsec 5nsec.. IBM /360 ILLIAC IV .. (1970 ). MSI LSI. MSI( middle-scale integration).
2 (IC ) . 10nsec IBM370 FACOM M HITAC M ACOS . 1970 (1974 8 MPU 8080 6800 ( . ) . (1980 ). LSI( large-scale integration) LSI . VLSI(very large-scale integration) VLSI. 10 1000 2nsec 1980 (personal computer) (1981 IBM PC 1984. Macintosh 1982 16 NEC9801 1988 32 . 1986 J-3100 NEC PC-98LT 1989 . Dynabook) . 1990 . 1990 .. von Neumann . (data flow machine) (neuron computer) (biocomputer) (quantum computer) .. 3 4 1 2 . IC (LSI,VLSI) 1cm . 1985 50 . 3. (256K DRAM : DRAM(dynamic random access memory) . ) 1991 800 (4M DRAM) 1993 3200 (16M. DRAM ) .. 1944 Mark I 23 5 . 1946 ENIAC 1/5000 (= ) . 1972 HITAC 8350 32 (10 12 ) 3 (= ) . 1977 Cray 1 160 MFLOPS IBM370/195 13 MIPS.)
3 1983 VP-200 500 MFLOPS . 1992 HITAC S-3800/180 8 32 GFLOPS. 2001 NEC SX-6 1 . 1 280 128 1 64 GFLOPS 128 8T( )FLOPS. 8TB 2001 . 2004 NEC SX SX-8 65 TFLOPS .. 1993 SONY QuarterL PCX-500(MPU 486DX2 66 MHz) 54 MIPS . 8MB 120MB .. 1997 Pentium 200 MHz( 100 MIPS ) 32MB .. 2002 1 GHz 128MB 60GB . 10 20 . 2005 4 FMVH70K9V 512MB( 1GB) 450GB DVD . 20 AMD Athlon 64. 3000 32 64 . ( ) .. bit (binary digit) 0/1(yes/no, / ) 2 2 1 . byte (B 1 ( . 4. ) 1byte 8bits . KB Kilo B (1000B). MB Mega B (100 B). GB Giga B (10 B). ( ) word (W ( . ( ) ) 1W 8bits 16bits 32bits 64bits 1W=32bits .. MIPS (million instructions per second) 1 .. FLOPS (floating point instructions per second) 1 (.)))
4 ( . = ) MFLOP=106 FLOPS. SPECint92 SPECfp92.. MFLOPS Mega Flops (100 FLOPS). GFLOPS Giga Flops (10 FLOPS). ( ). -24 -21 -18 -15 -12 -9 -6 -3 -2 -1. 10 1010 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1. y a z f p n m c d . atto femto pico nano micro mili centi deci ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). 18 15 1000 100 10.. 2 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24. 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10. da h K M G T P E Z Y.. deca hecto kilo mega giga tera ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). 10 100 1000 5 6. 1nsec(1 )=10-9 1MB(1 )=106B . 2 2 . 5. 10. K(kilo) 1000 2 2 =1024. 1K=1024 .. (batch processing).. (time sharing system). TSS 1960 .. ( 1 ) . CPU( ) .. CPU ( ) . ( OS) TSS (main frame.)
5 ( ) .. (Local Are Network LAN) LAN ( . 6. ) LAN (Wide Area Network WAN). WAN (Internet) . LAN WAN MAN(Metropolitan Area Network) .. LAN LAN. PC PC PC. GW. GW. GW LAN. PC PC .. GW. GW : . GW PC : . LAN GW. LAN. workstation (main frame) (PC : personal computer) (WS) WS .. CPU .. OS . ( .. 7. (ML: mailing list) (WWW: world-wide web) . ( ) .. (Internet) LAN LAN .. 1960. (ARPANET) . UNIX OS . 1970 . USENET UNIX 1975 TCP/IP . ( ) 1980 CSNET BITNET. 1986 . NFS NET 1990 1993 2100 . 1995 . WWW .. file transfer: . ftp . remote login: . rlogin telnet . WWW .. WWW(world-wide web) Gopher . ( ) WWW . Gopher .. 8. (intranet) . (world wide web). Web.)
6 1989 . (CERN) HTML(hyper text makeup language).. (hypertext) . ( ) . WWW WWW (WWW server) WWW . (browser) WWW 1993 . NCSA Mosaic . Netscape Navigator MS-Explorer .. 1998. 1989. 1983.. 9.
