Fish identification tools for biodiversity and …

1 585 FAOFISHERIES ANDAQUACULTURETECHNICALPAPERFish identification tools for biodiversity and fisheries assessmentsReview and guidance for decision-makersISSN 2070-7010 Cover illustration:Mosaic by Johanne FischerFish identification tools for biodiversity and fisheries assessmentsReview and guidance for decision-makersEdited byJohanne FischerSenior Fishery Resources OfficerMarine and Inland Fishery Resources BranchFAO Fisheries and Aquaculture DepartmentRome, ItalyFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 2013 FAOFISHERIES ANDAQUACULTURETECHNICALPAPER585 The designations employed and the presentation of material in thisinformation product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, cityor area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers,whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these havebeen endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similarnature that are not views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) anddo not necessarily reflect the views or policies of 978-92-5-107771-9 (print)E-ISBN 978-92-5-107772-6 (PDF) FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in thisinformation product.

2 Except where otherwise indicated, material may becopied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teachingpurposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided thatappropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder isgiven and that FAO s endorsement of users views, products or services is notimplied in any requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and othercommercial use rights should be made via addressed to information products are available on the FAO website ( ) and can be purchased through of this documentThis document is a result of the contributions and deliberations of the workshop Fish identification tools for biodiversity and Fisheries Assessments (Vigo, Spain, 11 13 October 2011) convened by the University of Vigo and the FAO FishFinder Programme. Although not a Proceedings as such, it does reflect the presentations and discussions of participants regarding user perspectives and user requirements, definition of criteria for the characterization of identification tools , description of identification tools and scenarios as well as recommendations for research and development.

3 However, it also contains observations and summaries added after the workshop with the intent to make this document more accessible to the reader. A draft version of this document was circulated to workshop participants, and this finalized version incorporates substantive comments and corrections received from them. The workshop participants consisted of 15 invited experts from 10 countries, two FAO officers and one FAO consultant. The first part of the workshop was dedicated to 14 plenary presentations on fish identification methods and tools . The workshop then proceeded to provide definitions for the criteria used to character-ize each identification tool addressed by the workshop. Each expert reviewed the summary description and visual characterization of the ID tools prepared by FAO and the workshop then evaluated the results in a non-comparative manner. It was agreed that the visual characterization would serve as an approximate qualitative indication of the strengths and weaknesses of each method.

4 After the workshop, a comparative review was undertaken by the editor and some adjustments were made to the subsequent development and description of relevant scenarios took place in three subgroups: one focusing on research and development, the second on conservation, responsible use and trade, and the third on education, awareness building, consumer considerations and non-consumptive uses. The scenarios were intended to illustrate a variety of user requirements for species identification and recommending appropriate identification tools for each of these scenarios. The workshop concluded with a statement containing a number of recommendations by workshop participants. The papers contained in Annex 3 to this work have been reproduced as submit-ted by the participants, without editorial intervention by review provides an appraisal of existing, state-of-the-art fish identification (ID) tools (including some in the initial stages of their development) and shows their potential for providing the right solution in different real-life situations.

5 The ID tools reviewed are: Use of scientific experts (taxonomists) and folk local experts, taxonomic reference collections, image recognition systems, field guides based on dichotomous keys; interactive electronic keys ( IPOFIS), morphometrics ( IPez), scale and otolith morphology, genetic methods (Single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] and Barcode [BOL]) and review is based on the results and recommendations of the workshop Fish identification tools for Fishery biodiversity and Fisheries Assessments , convened by FAO FishFinder and the University of Vigo and held in Vigo, Spain, from 11 to 13 October 2011. It is expected that it will help fisheries managers, environmental administrators and other end users to select the best available spe-cies identification tools for their , J. ed. identification tools for biodiversity and fisheries assessments: review and guidance for decision-makers.

6 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 585. Rome, FAO. 2013. 107 of this document iiiAbstract ivAcknowledgements viiAbbreviations and acronyms viiiRecommendations 11. Introduction 32. User perspectives Fish taxonomy in biodiversity and fishery assessment and management A fishery inspector s view of fish identification identification and commercial names of fishery products: a view from the industry 93. Species identification tools Species ID tools included in this review Criteria for the evaluation of species identification tools Evaluation of species identification tools On-site taxonomist Local (folk) expert Local reference collection Image recognition system Field guides based on dichotomous keys Integrated Photo-based Online Fish- identification System (IPOFIS) exemplifying Interactive Electronic Keys (IEKs) IPez (morphometric software) Scales Otoliths Genetic identification through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Genetic identification using barcoding Acoustic fish identification Web-based fish identification and information resources 224.

7 Selecting an identification tool Users Selection criteria Response time Accuracy Resolution Type Resources 29vi5. Description of scenarios Catch reporting by fishers (logbooks) Assessment of introduced fish species in a lake Monitoring catch during exploratory fishery Reporting catches of lake fisheries (exotic species) Reporting catches of marine artisanal fisheries Fingerlings of aquaculture species are correctly identified by suppliers Reduction of bycatch through pre-harvest survey Port inspections of fishery catches Vessel inspection on the high seas Live fish inspection by customs (CITES) Verification of origin of catches Fish product inspection by customs (CITES) Distribution and characteristics of populations Provision of data for the ecosystem modelling of living marine components Development of application to distinguish living objects from submarines Fish inventory for gear development to minimize bycatch Changes in species diversity due to climate change Taxonomic training of students Anglers track the spread of aquatic invasive species (AIS) Assessment of genetically modified fish in waters and markets Corroboration of the geographic origin of fishes as documented in catch certificate Traded fish is labelled correctly Investigating the alleged presence of exotic and GM species Divers identify marine organisms 436.

8 Conclusions 45 Annex 1 - List of participants 47 Annex 2 - Workshop agenda 49 Annex 3 - Participants contributions 51vii AcknowledgementsC stor Guisande (Professor of Ecology at the University of Vigo) has been an important driver for the work presented here. Without his personal commitment, enthusiasm and important contributions to the workshop in Vigo this work would not have been possible. Sincere gratitude is extended to all experts (see Annex 1) whose knowledge and informed discussions at the meeting created the substance of this publica-tion and many of whom travelled to Vigo from far-away places. In particular, these are: Nicolas Bailly, Alpina Begossi, Gary Carvalho, Juanjo De la Cerda, Keith Govender, John K. Horne, Ana L. Ib ez, Sven O. Kullander, John Lyons, Jann Martinsohn, Ricardo da Silva Torres, Paul Skelton. John Horne is especially acknowledged for expertly chairing the Bartely s (FAO Senior Fishery Resources Officer) great support through-out the planning and execution of the workshop as well as while developing this Technical Paper is greatly appreciated.

9 Much is also owed to Edoardo Mostarda and Peter Psomadakis (FAO Consultants for Fish Taxonomy) for their invaluable reviews of the document at different Barone (FAO consultant) and Kathrin Hett (Associated Professional Officer at FAO) are thanked for their significant input and assistance in the plan-ning phase of the workshop and development of the agenda. Monica also helped running the workshop, ensured that all records and outputs were saved and acces-sible and prepared a first outline of this P rez Costa (Junior Research Assistant, University of Vigo) and Luigia Sforza (FAO Office Clerk) assisted in the meeting preparations and provided logistical support to the workshop which was much appreciated by all. Last but not least, Julian Plummer and Marianne Guyonnet are thanked for their meticulous proofing of the and acronymsAISaquatic invasive speciesBMUB each Management Unit (Kenya) CBDC onvention on Biological DiversityCBD-GTICBD-Global Taxonomy InitiativeCITESC onvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCoFCatalog of Fishes CoLCatalogue of LifeFCOfisheries control officerGMgenetically modifiedIDidentification ( tool ) IEKinteractive electronic keyIPOFIS integrated photo-based online fish- identification systemIRSimage recognition systemIUUillegal, unregulated and unreported (fishing)

10 NGOnon-governmental organizationRFMO regional fisheries management organizationSNPsingle nucleotide polymorphismUNEP-WCMCU nited Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring CentreWoRMSW orld Register of Marine Species1 RecommendationsAt the conclusion of the workshop Fish identification tools for biodiversity and Fisheries Assessment , held in Vigo, Spain, from 11 to 13 October 2011, the participants prepared the following statement and recent decades, biodiversity research has been prioritized and new fish identification techniques have been developed. However, the actual transfer and application of fish identification technologies in projects and management schemes has lagged. It is an important objective of the present document to encourage and promote the informed use of appropriate identification techniques in all areas, specifically:r Take initiatives to strengthen the links and enhance communication between scientists, stakeholders and end users.