Giovanni da Verrazzano, Letter to King Francis, 1524

1 Pierpont Morgan Library verrazzano Project Gutenberg Francis IGiovanni da verrazzano _____ Letter to King Francis 1 of France 8 July 1524 _____ reporting on his voyage to the New World* Del Viaggio del Verazzano Nobile Fiorentino al Servizio di Francesco I, Ri de Francia, fatto nel 1524 all America Settentrionale. ____EXCERPTS____ verrazzano s marginal notes are italicized and bracketed within the text. Since the storm that we encountered in the northern regions, Most Serene King, I have not written to tell Your Majesty of what happened to the four ships which you sent out over the Ocean to explore new lands, as I thought that you had already been informed of everything how we were forced by the fury of the winds to return in distress to Brittany with only the Normandy and the Dauphine, and that after undergoing repairs there, we began our voyage with these two ships, equipped for war, following the coasts of Spain.

2 As Your Most Serene Majesty will have heard; and then according to our new plan, we continued the original voyage with only the Dauphine; now on our return from this voyage, I will tell Your Majesty of what we found. We set sail with the Dauphine from the deserted rock near the Island of Madeira, which belongs to the Most Serene King of Portugal [at the beginning of 1524], on the XVII day of January last; we had fifty men, and were provided with food for eight months, with arms and other articles of war, and naval munitions; we sailed westward on the gentle breath of a light easterly wind.

3 In XXV days we covered eight hundred leagues. On the XXIIII day of February [for about 16 hours] we went through a storm as violent as ever [a] sailing man encountered. We were delivered from it with the divine help and goodness of the ship, whose glorious name and happy destiny enabled her to endure the violent waves of the sea. We continued on our westerly course, keeping rather to the north. In another XXV days we sailed more than four hundred leagues, where there appeared a new land which had never been seen before by any man, either ancient or modern. At first it appeared to be rather low-lying; having approached to within a quarter of a league, we realized that it was inhabited, for huge fires had been built on the seashore.

4 We saw that the land stretched southward, and coasted along it in search of some port where we might anchor the ship and investigate the nature of the land, but in fifty leagues we found no harbor or place where we could stop with the * Excerpted and images added by the National Humanities Center, 2006, Translated from the Italian by Susan Tarrow; in Lawrence C. Wroth, ed., The Voyages of Giovanni da verrazzano , 1524-1528 (New Haven: Published for The Pierpont Morgan Library by Yale University Press, 1970).

5 Reproduced by permission. Some paragraphing added by NHC. Full text (translation by Joseph Cogswell) in American Journeys: Eyewitness Accounts of Early American Exploration and Settlement (Wisconsin Historical Society) at Complete image credits at National Humanities Center 2M. Trump Approximate route. verrazzano went ashore near Cape Fear in mid March 1524. ship. Seeing that the land continued to the south [so as not to meet with the Spaniards], we decided to turn and skirt it toward the north, where we found the land we had sighted earlier. So we anchored off the coast and sent the small boat in to land.

6 We had seen many people coming to the seashore, but they fled when they saw us approaching; several times they stopped and turned around to look at us in great wonderment. We reassured them with various signs, and some of them came up, showing great delight at seeing us and marveling at our clothes, appearance, and our whiteness; they showed us by various signs where we could most easily secure the boat, and offered us some of their food. We were on land, and I shall now tell Your Majesty briefly what we were able to learn of their life and They go completely naked except that around their loins they wear skins of small animals like martens, with a narrow belt of grass around the body, to which they tie various tails of other animals which hang down to the knees; the rest of the body is bare, and so is the head.

7 Some of them wear garlands of birds feathers. They are dark in color, not unlike the Ethiopians, with thick black hair, not very long, tied back behind the head like a small tail. As for the physique of these men, they are well proportioned, of medium height, a little taller than we are. They have broad chests, strong arms, and the legs and other parts of the body are well composed. There is nothing else, except that they tend to be rather broad in the face: but not all, for we saw many with angular faces. They have big black eyes, and an attentive and open look.

8 They are not very strong, but they have a sharp cunning, and are agile and swift runners. From what we could tell from observation, in the last two respects they resemble the Orientals, particularly those from the farthest Sinarian We could not learn the details of the life and customs of these people because of the short time we spent on land, due to the fact that there were few men, and the ship was anchored on the high seas. Not far from these people, we found others on the shore whose way of life we think is similar. I will now tell Your Majesty about it, and describe the situation and nature of this land.

9 The seashore is completely covered with fine sand XV feet deep, which arises in the forms of small hills about fifty paces wide. After climbing farther, we found other streams and inlets from the sea which come in by several mouths, and follow the ins and outs of the shoreline. Nearby we could see a stretch of country much higher than the sandy shore, with many beautiful fields and plains full of great forests, some sparse and some dense; and the trees have so many colors, and are so beautiful and delightful that they defy description. And do not think, Your Majesty, that these forests are like the Hyrcanian Forest or the wild wastelands of Scythia and the northern countries,3 full of common trees; they are adorned and clothed with palms, laurel, cypress, and other varieties of tree unknown in our Europe.

10 And these trees emit a sweet fragrance over a large area [We smelled the fragrance a hundred leagues away, and even farther when they were burning the cedars and the winds were 1 It may now be suggested, but not affirmed, that the landfall was not exactly at 34 on the Georgetown peninsula [SC] nor at Cape Fear [NC] itself at 33 51 , but rather in this last-named latitude on the continental coast west of Cape Fear, near the place where today s boundary line between the Carolinas reaches the sea. [Wroth, Voyages, p.]]