GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR TRANSPORT …

1 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKGREEN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR TRANSPORT PROJECTS A ROAD MAP TO PROTECTING ASIA S WILDLIFE BIODIVERSITY DECEMBER 2019 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN FOR TRANSPORT PROJECTS A ROAD MAP TO PROTECTING ASIA S WILDLIFE BIODIVERSITY DECEMBER 2019 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution IGO license (CC BY IGO) 2019 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 rights reserved. Published in 2019. ISBN 978-92-9261-991-6 (print), 978-92-9261-992-3 (electronic)Publication Stock No. TCS189222 DOI: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.

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4 ADB recognizes China as the People s Republic of the cover: Wildlife species captured on camera while carrying out a baseline biodiversity assessment in Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan. Center photo shows one of Asia s first wildlife underpasses constructed on a new highway in southern Bhutan (photos by ADB). Printed on recycled paperiiiCONTeNTSTABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS ---------------------------------------- -----------------------------vACKNOWLEDG MENTS ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------viA BBREVIATIONS ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --viiANIMAL SPECIES REFERENCED IN ThIS REPORT ---------------------------------------- -------viiiExECUTIVE SUMMARY ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------x1.

5 INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------12. TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY OF ASIA ---------------------------------------- --------------3A. Biodiversity s Importance to the People of Asia ..6B. Impacts on Asia s Biodiversity ..8C. Road Development Policy ..93. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ROADS AND OThER TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS --------10A. Direct Highway Impacts ..101. Loss or Degradation of Habitats ..102. Wildlife Vehicle Collisions ..12B. Indirect Highway Impacts ..14C. Traffic Relationships to Permeability and Wildlife Vehicle Collisions ..164. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND OThER MEASURES TO MINIMIzE hIGhWAY IMPACT TO WILDLIFE ---------------------------------------- -----------------------------19A.

6 Motorist Alert Signage ..19B. Reduced DESIGN Speeds and Traffic Calming Treatments ..21C. Wildlife Passage Structures ..221. Wildlife Underpasses ..222. Wildlife Overpasses ..263. Wildlife Passage Structure effectiveness ..274. Asian Case Studies ..29D. Wildlife Fencing and Alternatives ..30e. Arboreal Mammal Canopy Bridges ..33F. At-Grade Crossings and Wildlife Crosswalks ..34 Contentsiv5. LINEAR INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ---------36A. Overarching DESIGN Principles ..361. Build the Roadbed Formation Once and Be Done ..362. Build to the Minimum Width Necessary ..363. Limit Lateral Road Access ..374. Focus INFRASTRUCTURE Investment Where Land Tenure/Control Is Secure.

7 375. Keep it Simple Minimize Maintenance ..38B. Passage Structure DESIGN Criteria ..381. Underpass Openness ..382. Passage Structure Size ..403. Passage Structure Spacing and Placement ..414. Passage Structure Approaches ..445. Underpass or Overpass Which is Better? ..46C. Wildlife Fencing and Alternatives ..48D. Road Management Activities ..491. evening/Dusk-to-Dawn Road Closures ..502. Seasonal Road Closures ..513. Roads as a Resource Protection Asset ..524. Monitoring and Adaptive Management ..52e. Reconstruction and Retrofitting Opportunities Benefit Biodiversity ..53 APPENDIx: Conducting Biodiversity Baseline Assessments and Evaluating Road ImpactsA.

8 Asian Development Bank Safeguarding Framework ..55B. Desktop Analysis Resources ..57C. Biodiversity Baseline Assessment experimental and Sampling DESIGN ..65 REFERENCES ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----80vTABLeS, FIGUReS, AND MAPSTABLES1 Scope of Asia s Biodiversity Hotspots ..42 Comparative Impact of Three Road Alignments on Habitat Loss ..123 Wildlife Underpass Types, Size Categories, and Recommended Dimensions ..404 Passage Structure Spacing Recommendations for Asian Wildlife Species ..425 example Worksheet of Passage Structures for a 50-Kilometer Road ..436 Wildlife Passage Structures in Premiere Highway and Conservation Projects.

9 44A1 Comparison example of Three Road Alignments and Anticipated Direct Habitat Loss ..63A2 Recommended Biodiversity Baseline Assessment Sampling or Survey Coverage ..68A3 Biodiversity Baseline Assessment Methods of Wildlife Taxa and Vegetation ..70 FIGURES1 Impact of Increasing Traffic on Animals Crossing Roads ..162 Impact of Hourly Traffic Levels on Wildlife Species in Arizona ..173 Animal Activity Patterns Per Hour Sourced from Camera Trapping in Bhutan ..184 Traffic effects on elk Passage Rates at Underpass versus Highway Crossings ..295 Comparison of Overpass Approach Slopes ..46A1 Map Sample of Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Map Viewer.

10 58A2 NDVI Changes in Forest Density at Phipsoo Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan (2001 2010) ..60A3 Protected Areas and Biological Corridors of Bhutan ..61A4 TRANSPORT Corridors, Biodiversity Landscapes and Corridor Pilot Sites in the Greater Mekong Subregion ..62A5 Projected Animals Killed in Collisions Without Measures to Reduce Highway Impact ..64A6 General Biodiversity Baseline Assessment Approaches for High-Biodiversity or Protected Areas ..67A7 Wildlife Passage Structure with Fencing Result in Reduced elk Vehicle Collisions ..77 MAPS1 Global Biodiversity Hotspots ..32 Biodiversity Areas of Asia with High Diversity of Bird Species ..53 Concordance between Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities and ecosystem Services Value.