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Guidelines for drinking water quality

OPS/CEPIS/ : EnglishGUIDELINES FORDRINKING water quality STANDARDSIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESF elipe SolsonaRegional Advisor in water QualityPAHO/CEPISPan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental SciencesDivision of health and EnvironmentPan American health OrganizationPan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of theWorld health OrganizationLima, 2002iiiContents PagePreface ..iiiPresentation ..11. Introduction, the Seven Conditions and Some ImportantRecommendations ..22. Methodology for Developing a DWQS .. Identification of the "Lead Institution" Responsible forDeveloping the DWQS .. Creation of a DWQS Committee .. Obtaining Official Recognition of the Committee .. Selection of a Group of Advisors.

GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ... World Health Organization ... editions of the WHO Guidelines and at present with the US Environmental

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Transcription of Guidelines for drinking water quality

1 OPS/CEPIS/ : EnglishGUIDELINES FORDRINKING water quality STANDARDSIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESF elipe SolsonaRegional Advisor in water QualityPAHO/CEPISPan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental SciencesDivision of health and EnvironmentPan American health OrganizationPan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of theWorld health OrganizationLima, 2002iiiContents PagePreface ..iiiPresentation ..11. Introduction, the Seven Conditions and Some ImportantRecommendations ..22. Methodology for Developing a DWQS .. Identification of the "Lead Institution" Responsible forDeveloping the DWQS .. Creation of a DWQS Committee .. Obtaining Official Recognition of the Committee .. Selection of a Group of Advisors.

2 Distribution of Responsibilities and Setting the Rulesfor the Work of the DWQS Committee .. of Base Line Information for Diagnosis .. Development and the Production of the Final Draft .. Peer Reviewing .. Production of the DWQS Proposal .. Decision Makers Involvement .. Involvement .. Activities ..153. How to Work out Each Section .. Introduction .. Clauses .. Institutional Framework .. Table of Parameters and Concentrations (TPC) .. Selection of Parameters .. of Concentration Limits to theSelected Frequency of Sampling and of Sanitary Inspections .. Approved Analytical Methods for Analysis .. Sanitary Surveys .. General Requirements .. water Practice and Penalties .. : Record Keeping and Surveillance and Control Programs.

3 524. References ..535. Annex: Luland Case Study ..55 PREFACEOne of the most successful documents prepared by the world HealthOrganization in the environmental health arena, are the Guidelines fordrinking- water quality ("WHO Guidelines ").The first WHO publication dealing specifically with drinking waterquality was published in 1958 as International Standards for drinking was subsequently revised and re-issued every 10 to 12 years. In 1984 theWHO Guidelines for drinking water quality replaced the WHO InternationalStandards for drinking water . The change in the title of the document itself, from Standards to Guidelines was made to reflect more accuratelythe advisory nature of WHO recommendations so that they are notinterpreted as legal standards.

4 A second edition of the WHO Guidelines waspublished during 1993-1996 and, by far, these have been one of the mostused sources of information on water quality and health , and as a referencedocument to prepare national drinking water quality (DWQ) very valuable, two aspects should nevertheless bementioned regarding the Guidelines . First, the document is primarilyintended to be used for the development of a list of maximumconcentration for a number of contaminants usually found in drinking waterand, as such, provides ample information on epidemiological andtoxicological aspects, but does not inform on other legal aspects needed toestablish drinking water standards.

5 Second, when using the Guidelines , thehealth regulators and policy makers do not have a clear picture on how theyshould proceed from a practical point of view (making diagnosis, searchingfor information, establishing committees, negotiating among interestedparties, etc.).After many years of close contact with the health and water -relatedsectors in Latin American and the Caribbean Region, the Pan AmericanHealth organization confirmed that the WHO Guidelines are a vitaldocument in helping countries with their drinking water quality issues, but itwas also noted that there was a lack of information on the best ways to usethat address this, the Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineeringand Environmental Sciences, PAHO/CEPIS, committed his Regional Advisorin water quality , Mr.

6 Felipe Solsona, to prepare a document to be used as acomplement to the WHO Guidelines . The work had to be a simple andconcise guidance presenting the format of a recipe book to be used as ahelping hand by the countries in developing national drinking water qualitystandards. The result of his dedicated work is this Guidelines for drinkingwater quality standards in developing Hend Galal-Gorchev, a former WHO officer in charge of severaleditions of the WHO Guidelines and at present with the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency Senior Environmental Program, was a key person in thepreparation of this document. Her support, advise, and direct input areacknowledged and Mauricio Pard n (Director of the Division of health andEnvironment, PAHO), Mr.

7 Sergio Caporali (Director of CEPIS) and Galvis (Chief of Basic Sanitation) from PAHO, and Dr. JamieBartram from WHO water , Sanitation and health Programme providedimportant support to achieve the final is with great confidence that PAHO places this Guide in the handsof every officer and expert in the water field, strongly believing that it willaid in achieving a safer water and better quality of life for for drinking water quality Standards in Developing Countries 1 PresentationThis Guide is a contribution of the Pan American HealthOrganization, Regional Office for the Americas of the world HealthOrganization (PAHO/WHO), to aid developing countries in their preparationof national drinking water quality standards (DWQS).

8 The structure of the document is that of a pyramid, the base being thegeneral principles and recommendations, which represents the foundation ofthe Guide. The second level explains the methodology suggested fordeveloping a standard. The third level focuses on each of the components or sections of the standard and describes their most important features andhow to apply them. The fourth level presents a case study to help visualizethe use of the 1. Structure of the GuideJust or unjust, reality shows that developed and developing countries,with their differences in opportunities and resources, on occasions, need totake different paths. When producing a DWQS for developing countries, ifthe approach is to try and emulate rich countries, the result will often befailure.

9 Therefore, drinking water quality standards that are unrealistic are infact useless tools. In light of this, a different approach must be taken whendealing with developing countries. Using the same principles as those ofappropriate technology , it is possible to produce tools and mechanisms thatcan bring nearly equal and, in some cases, equal benefits to those of highertechnologies. General principles and recommendationsMethodology to produce a DWQSD evelopment of sectionsCase studyGuidelines for drinking water quality Standards in Developing Countries2 Realism and development by stages is an approach that will allow thestart of a realistic process which, through time and proper management,should and could achieve the same goals developed countries order to be practical, this Guide is simple, direct, and tries to avoidas much as possible overly detailed specifications or technicalities.

10 It shouldbe an appropriate aid to technical staff and decision-makers confronted withthe challenge of developing a , the Seven Conditions and Some ImportantRecommendationsThe relationship between drinking water and personal health is wellknown. Diarrheas are the most common human disease, and there is a verystrong connection between these diseases and the water consumed by thoseaffected. Therefore, it is of obvious importance to ensure that drinking waterprovided to users is of good framework against which a water sample can be considered goodor safe is a drinking water quality standard (DWQS). By definition, astandard is a rule or principle considered by an authority and by generalconsent as a basis of comparison.


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