Historic Structural Steelwork Handbook

1 ,WroughtIronandSteelSectionsincludingDes ign,LoadandStressDatasincetheMid19thCent uryPublishedby TheBritishConstructionalSteelworkAssocia tionLimited4 WhitehallCourt,Westminster,LondonSW1A2 , Commercialbuildings-Handbooks,manuals, Structuralframes-Handbooks,manuals, Columns,Ironandsteel-Handbooks, Trusses-Handbooks,manuals, Industrialbuildings-Handbooks,manuals, .71 TH4311 ISBNo-85073-015-5 TheBritishConstructionalSteelworkAssocia tionLtd(BCSA) ,designorsupplyofcomponents,materials,se rvices, Associationaretopromotetheuseofstructura lsteelwork;to assistspecifiersandclients;toensurethatt hecapabilitiesandactivitiesoftheindustry are widelyunderstoodandtoprovidememberswithp rofessionalservicesintechnical,commercia l,contractualandqualityassurancemattersA lthoughcarehasbeentakentoensure,tothebes tofitsknowledge,thatalldataandinformatio ncontainedhereinisaccuratetotheextenttha titrelatesto eithermattersof factoracceptedpracticeormattersofopinion atthetimeofpublication, thispublicationbelongstoTheBritishConstr uctionalSteelworkAssociationLtd,4 WhitehallCourt,Westminster, The ChameleonPressLimited,5-25 BurrRoad, ,architects,andengineerstohaveacomprehen siveguidetothevariousfactorsthatneedtobe beingaguidetooveracenturyof buildinginironandsteelsectionscon-tainin ginformationonpropertiesof materials,profiles.

2 BritishStandardsInstitutionInstitutionof StructuralEngineersLondonCountyCouncilBr itishSteelCorporationtoformercolleaguesa ndtotheverymanypeoplewithwhomhe servesontechnicalcommitteesbothinthiscou ntry, ,LinfordWood, ..,..,. , ..,. , ,..,., , , .., .. , ,. ,.. , ,.. , ..,. , , , ,..,..44 Section4 Codesof ,.. (GeneralPowers) ..2 LCC(GeneralPowers) .. (GeneralPowers)Acts1920 .. (Constructional) .. ,,., .. the .. , , , , , ,.. , ,..,. , , , .., .. , .2 DormanLongandCoHandbook1895 , ,,., 'sHandbookofMachinery1903 , . , .4 LCC(GeneralPowers) .. , .. (GeneralPowers) .. ,..,..,.. , ..,..,..,..3 MildSteelBeams..548, .. , 'sformula.. , .. !, ~GAllowablestressesinoohumrm~ ..58G633 MildSUMC olumnouo!& ~..~ ~ ]GColumnstressesuoBS440after1948.. ,Weldingofstnokwo, .657]9 Gonom!.65 Section8 ContinentalSections81! ..GG83!m!ian,ootio, .. ,ooinn,.. , ~..678f| .. !,u, .. !wo, ,i! ~..~ !krjoistfloo, ..-..76152 Loadin9,..75 Section10 Bibliography1(.)

3 ISE1927 , (NormalProfiles) (VeryBroadFlanges) (SpecialProfiles) (NormalProfiles) greatdealofextradetailisstillrequiredsuc has:-(a) ProbablematerialieCastIron,WroughtIronor Steel.(b)Technicalpropertiesofthediffere ntmembers.(c) Originofthemembers.(ci)Strengthofthemate rialfromwhichmembersweremade.(e) Designloadingatperiodofconstruction.(f) , , .2 HistoricalNotesRequirementsregardingqual ityofmaterial,shapesandsizes,designloads andpermissiblestressesalldevelopedrapidl yaftertheyear1900whenBritishStandardsIns titutionasitnowiscalledfirstcameintobein g,thoughBSImustnotbeconsideredastheonlya uthorityastheInstitutionofStructuralEngi neers, sayregardingdesignrequirements,mater-ial sandshapes,factorsof safetyetc, ,sizesetcarerepresentativeratherthaninfl exible,andthefollowingtextshouldbe , themodernblastfurnaces,thecharcoalbeingr eplacedbycoke, , , :-(a) CastIron(b) WroughtIron(c)SteelThebasicdifferenceche micallyof thethreeistheamountofcarbonandotherimpur itiesincludedwiththeiron, ,Silicon,Managanese,Sulphur,Phos-phorus, ChromiumandCopper,thoughminutequantities of Tin,Tungsten, themainimpuritiesonthe qualityandcharacteristicsof the materialcan-bebrieflysummarisedasfollows :-(a) Carbon:-Decreasesmalleability-increasesh ard-ness.

4 (b)Silicon:-Tendstopreventsolubilityofth ecarboninthemetal-increasesfuseability.( c) Manganese:-Increasesmalleability.(d) Sulphur:-Increaseshardness.(e) Phosphorus:-Makesmetalmorefusable.(f) Chromium:-Increasestensilestrength.(g) buildingmaterialprobablydatesbacktoabout theyear1800, ' ,probalybecauseitwascostlytoproduce,bega ntobereplacedbysteelabout1850andverylitt lewroughtironwasusedafter1890,thoughther eisevidenceofsomeuseofwroughtironsection sas lateas1910, ,in1887 DormanLongandCompanyproducedarangeof99be amsizesas CastIronasastructuralmaterialIroncasting scouldbemadedirectlyfromthemoltenmetalfr omtheblastfurnacebutthesewereofinferiorq ualityanditwasusualto , , , ,thefollowingbeingconsideredassuitable:- Ultimatestrengthintension 6 32 8 (usually4) UltimateStrengthsofCastIron 18798 (anthracite) theuseofcastironasastructuralmaterialwas onthedeclinewhenthe BSIwasfirstestablishedlittleinterestwass howninproducingadetailedspecificationfor the ,andBS1452 1948definessevenseparategradesof castironwithultimatetensilestrengthsof10 ,12, 14,17,20,23and26 Thesegradesandstrength valuescan only beconsid-ered ironbythepuddlingprocesswhichconsistedof raisingtheiron toahightemperatureinareverberatoryfurnac ewherethecarbonandotherimpuritieswererem ovedby astrongairblast,theironbeingkeptfromdire ctcontactwith ,softerthansteelbutlessliabletocorrosion ,theultimatetensilestrengthvaryingbetwee n18and30 ofwroughtiron:-Ultimatestrengthintension 21 16 20 reheatingandrollingtoshapewithincreas-ed isstatedin1879thatrolledIbeamsof depthsfrom3"to14"inanendlessvarietywereo btainablefromdifferentmakersinboththisco untryandabroad, !

5 SteelasastructuralmaterialSteelhasbeenpr oducedfor structuralpurposessinceabout1850,althoug hittook40 , (a) Byaddingcarbontowroughtiron.(b) twoearlymethodsofsteelmakingwere(1) TheuseoftheBessemerconverter(2) TheuseoftheSiemensMartinopenhearthfurnac eTwoalternativesofeachprocessare(i)Acid( ii)BasicThedifferenceisintheliningofthef urnace;inthecaseoftheacidprocessthelinin gconsistsofamaterialwith ahighcontentofsilicon,whilstinthecase orbasicprocessisgovernedbythe typeof ofwroughtiron,butwithultimatetensileandc ompressivestrengthsroughlyequaliebetween 28and32 theultimatestrengthofmildsteelwerequoted :-Ultimatestrengthintension 32 30 24 (usuallyoffour) 1906 StandardSpecificationforStructuralSteelf orBridgesandGeneralBuildingConstructionF orbridgesthesteelmustbemadeby theOpenHeathprocess,eitheracid (notforbridges) 1936 StandardSpecificationforStructuralSteelf orBridgesandGeneralBuildingConstructionD ivisionofsteelintoclassesA&B (15)7376 1941 WarEmergencyrevisiontoBS15 TwomainqualitiesofsteelNo1 QualityasBS151936.

6 No2 QualityasBS151936plus(a) (b) 1948 StructuralSteelSteelprocessesopenheartha cidorbasicor + , 15beingreplacedby BS4360 following:-BS548 1934 (whichexcludedbasicBessemerprocess).Thec hemicalpropertiesincludedCarbon maximumof :-YieldStrengthThickness uptoandincluding1%" 23 '/4" uptoandincluding1'/4" 22 " uptoandincluding2%" 21 '/4" uptoandincluding2'/4" 20 '4" 19 :- Thisspecificationwas (Waremergencystandard)HighTensile(Fusion WeldingQuality) :Carbon (optional) (optional) ManganeseplusChromiumnotmorethan2 .0%. (b)steelonlyto :-Materialuptoandincluding3/4"thickYield Strength 21 35to 41 "thickYieldStrength 19 33to39 High Tensile (Fusion Welding Quality) (ladleanalysis)Carbon "thickSilicon "23 "uptoandincluding1'/4" '/4"uptoandincluding2" 22 "to be agreedUltimateTensileStrength 32to39 BS 1968 , 28,32and36 , Part1or :-OverVupto1'/2"thick15 (a)Class(b)Over1'/2" 1979 WeldableStructuralSteelsAtthetime ofwritingthisisthecurrentversionofthespe cificationandapartfromtheinclusionofaddi tionalsteels,flatproductsarealignedwithE uropeanpractice,anddimensionaltolerances introducedto isassumedthat copies ofBS430andamendmentsthereto GeneralRemarksThissection hasbeenrestrictedto ofparalleldevelopmenttookplaceinEurope, the continentalsteelmakersdidnotmatchupto ,atleastmostauthoritiesinsistedonthe useoflowerstrength ofstructureswasconcerned, , buildingmaterialandmanyimportantstructur es,includingtheCrystalPalace, ,sectionswerepurposemadefor theparticularapplicationandthereforeit , ,castironbeamswereusedsupportedonbrick-w orkoroncolumnsandcastironcolumnswereused tosupporttimberandwroughtironbeamsas , CastIronBeamsIthasalreadybeenmentionedin Section2 thatcastironisabrittlematerial.

7 Infactisolatedcasesoftheirusewererecorde dintheearly1930' loadsometimestheendsofthecolumnsweremach inedbutwithagoodironfoundrysufficientacc uracycouldbeachievedto isnecessarytodeterminethethicknessof thecorewillnotbepossiblethethicknessshou ldbefoundbydrillingsmallholesandmeasurin gbymeansofa WebPlate(4)Angles (4)Angles(2)FlangePlates (4) verylimiteddepth,around8" anglesandplatesorinsomeinstancesanglesla tticedwithsmallplates, ,whenconsideringthestrengthofanystructur ebuiltbetween1850andsay1890whenthemateri alisinquestion,cautionshouldbeadoptedand the (4) (asit isnowcalled)in1900,shapesandsizeswereset t-ledbytheindividualmanufacturer, , ,Brown&Copublishedtheirfirsthandbookin18 92andas thisfirmmanufacturedgirdersetcasopposedt oproducingsteelsections, ,safeloadtableswerepro-ducedfromwhich,in theoryatleast, , ,whenBritishStandard4wasfirstissued,allt hetablesrefertoBritishStandardSections, "StructuralSteelworkHandbook-MetricAngle stoBS4848 Part41972" ,allthedetailsgiveninBS4 Part11980areincludedintheBCSA/Constradop ublication"StructuralSteelworkHandbook-S ectionstoBS4 Part1" , , theinformationregardingasectionontoasing lelineinthefollowingtables,fractionsofan .

8 Thedecimalvaluesgivenareforindentificati onpurposesonlyandarebasedonthefirsttwofi guresof thetruevaluesandthereforemustnot Imperialx= BEAMSIZESROLLEDBYDORMANLONG&CO 1887 IMPERIALUNITS SeeseparatepagefornotesNominalSizeMass/f tMetricEquivalentActualSize------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------Thickn essAreaMomentofInertiaRadiusofGyrationSe ctionModulusDX BD XBMass/mDX BWebFlangeX-XY -YX -XY -YX-X ..812 .. ,themiddlesectionineachgroupbeingthebasi csectionandtheothertwobeingmanufacturedb yopeningor isclaimedthatthesetwospecialderivedsecti onsineachgroupwouldberolledtoorderprovid ingthat isimpossibletoestimateatthisdatehowoften deriv-edsectionsweresupplied,forthisreas onthepropertiesofall99sectionsare , the :- DORMANLONGCHANNELS 1887 IMPERIALUNITS--------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -----------SizeininchesMetricEquivalentA pproximateInertiaonAreaDepthxBreadthxThi cknessDx B x.

9 * * * * :-*Assumed------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------valuesasinformationinhandbookapp earsincorrect! LISTOFDORMANLONGEQUALANGLES 1887 IMPERIALUNITS .6 LISTOFDORMANLONGUNEQUALANGLES1887 IMPERIALUNITS Seeseparatepagefornotes----------------- ---------------------------------------- ---NormalSizeininsNormalSizeininsSpecial SizeininsAx BxThicknessAxBxThicknessAx :-Normalsizeshavesharpexternalcorneras(1 ) .8whilstspecialsizeshaveroundedexternalc orneras(2)in .. beapproximatedfromthesetablesorcalculate dasfollows:-(ignoringtherootandtoeradii) .Note:-Asize inBS41962hasbeenselectedso thattheapproximationcan :-Approximationwithin1% .7 PROPERTIESOFBEAMSTOBRITISHSTANDARD4 . x BMass/mWebFlangeX-1XY .. PROPERTIESOFBEAMSTOBRITISHSTANDARD4 PROPERTIESOFSPECIALBEAMTOBRITISHSTANDARD 4 XY-YX-XY-YX .. -X Y -Y X - X Y - Y X- PROPERTIESOFBEAMSTOBRITISHSTANDARD4. :-BS41903 BritishStandardBeamswithreferenceBSB[lat erclassedaso/dBritishStandardBeams] [commonlyclassedasnewBritishStandardBeam s] ,namelyBSB140-24inchesx7'/zinchesx95 , ,1903,1921and1932wereofcourseissuedbefor etheadoptionofthe.

10 PROPERTIESOFUNIVERSALBEAMSTO-BS4 PART1 1962/1963------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- -XY - YX-XY-YX - X Y ..52 .557950 . * .02 ..22 . * .. * ..036* ..035* .0181563 .99 ..2132753 . * ..4109753 ..610812 ..07 .. * .. * ..336* ..56 ..65 ..548 .. * . * ..545 ..11 .434 ..54 .91 ..032 . * . * . *16 ..31 .326 . * .696 .. * ..731* .41 .217 ..626 SeeseparatepagefornotesSectionswith* PROPERTIESOFUNIVERSALCOLUMNSTOBS4 PART1 1962 Seeseparatepagefornotes----------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ x BMass/mWebFlangeX -XY- YX -XY-YX- ..14 ..74 ..54 ..821677 ..716457 ..326393 ..114549 ..33 ..72 .712645 ..52 ..42 ..512 ..110 ..52 ..71 .. IMPERIALPROPERTIESOFEXTRABEAMSTOBS4 PART1 1962 AMENDMENTNo1 TOBS4 1975 - XY .31 ..21 .. BMass/ftWebFlangeX-XY -YX- XY - YX-X Y.