HOW TO USE THIS REFERENCE GUIDE - EPA Archives

1 HOW TO USE this REFERENCE GUIDEThis GUIDE contains air pollutant emission standards for the followingmobile source engine categories: Heavy-duty highway spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) Nonroad CI Nonroad SI less than or equal to 25 horsepower (hp) Marine SI Nonroad recreational vehicles and engines Locomotives AircraftStandards for each engine category are included in a separate table. this guidepresents, when applicable, federal ( Environmental Protection Agency[EPA]) current and proposed standards, as well as current California, EuropeanUnion, and international emission standards.

2 The key shown below indicatesthe color used for each of these standards in all of the tables. In addition toemission standards, this GUIDE also includes information on useful life, warran-ty period, and test procedures. The availability of averaging, banking, and trad-ing (ABT) and nonconformance penalties (NCP) is indicated as GUIDE does not include standards for nonroad SI engines greater than 25hp or marine CI engines. Although EPA regulates some fuels, fuel standardsalso are not included in this GUIDE . this GUIDE also does not include detailedinformation about all variations and restrictions associated with the GUIDE is for REFERENCE only; users should refer to the Code of FederalRegulations for complete information on all standards to ensure following guidelines will help you in reading the tables: To keep the tables more manageable, the GUIDE contains standards onlyfrom 1990 and later.

3 EPA began regulating mobile sources in the late1960s, however. The years listed in the tables refer to model years for federal and interna-tional standards and for California standards for heavy-duty engines. Theyears listed in the California nonroad standards refer to calendar years,however. For European Union standards, the dates listed are effectivedates. The term CI refers to diesel-cycle engines, and SI refers to Otto-cycleengines. For purposes of consistency and comparability, most standards areexpressed in grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr), even thoughsome federal regulations express standards in grams per kilowatt-hour(g/kW-hr).

4 The conversion factors are as follows: hp equals 1 kilo-watt, and kilowatt equals 1 hp. To convert a standard from g/bhp-hr to g/kW-hr, multiply it by To convert a standard from g/kW-hr tog/bhp-hr, multiply it by Standards REFERENCE GUIDE forHeavy-Duty and Nonroad EnginesUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyEPA420-F-97-014 September 1997 Air and RadiationAcronyms and Abbreviations Used in this GuideABTaveraging, banking, and tradingcccubic centimeterCFFC lean-Fuel FleetCIcompression ignitionCOcarbon Environmental Protection AgencyFRFederal Registerg/bhp-hr grams per brake horsepower-hourg/kmgrams per kilometerg/kNgrams per kilonewtong/kW-hr grams per kilowatt-hourgpmgrams per mileg/testgrams per testGVWR gross vehicle weight ratingHChydrocarbonsHCHO formaldehydeHDEheavy-duty engineHDVheavy-duty vehicleHLDT heavy light-duty truckHHDDE heavy heavy-duty diesel engineHHDE heavy heavy-duty enginehphorsepowerICAOI

5 Nternational Civil Aviation OrganizationILEV inherently low-emission vehicleISOI nternational Standards OrganizationkmkilometerkNkilonewtonkWkil owattlbspoundsLDTlight-duty truckLHDE light heavy-duty engineLLDT light light-duty truckLEVlow-emission vehicleLHDDE light heavy-duty diesel engineLPG liquefied petroleum gasmmeterMDV medium-duty vehicleMHDDE medium heavy-duty diesel engineMW-hrs megawatt-hoursNCPnonconformance penaltiesNMHC nonmethane hydrocarbonsNOxoxides of nitrogenPrated power of engine family in kilowattsPMparticulate matterrOrated outputRPMrevolutions per minuterPRrated pressure ratioSIspark ignitionSNsmoke numberSULEV super-ultra-low emissionvehicleTHCtotal hydrocarbonsTHCE total hydrocarbon equivalentULEV ultra low-emission vehicleZEVzero emission vehicle ABT and NCP appear in parentheses after standards for which they restrictions may apply to ABT and NCP availability, they are notincluded in this GUIDE .

6 When year and mileage figures are given for useful life and warranty peri-od ( , 5 years/50,000 miles), the rule whichever comes first alwaysapplies. The proposed federal standards are listed as they were published in theFederal Register. The standards and/or related information are subject tochange when the regulations are finalized. For many standards, EPA and California use the same test test procedures vary slightly for some standards, information on mobile source emission standards can be found onthe Internet at: (for EPA standards) (for California Air Resources Board standards)Mention of trade names or products does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, official EPAapproval, endorsement, or FederalEuropean UnionKeyCaliforniaICAOYear19901991-93199 4-971998+2004+10/9610/981987-90l1991-93l ,o1994+l,o1994-95o,q1996+o,qHC(g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (NCP) (ABT, NCP) (ABT, NCP) (ABT, NCP) ( ) ( )PM(g/bhp-hr) (NCP) (ABT,NCP), (ABT, NCP), , (ABT, NCP), (ABT, NCP), (percentage)

7 20/15/5020/15/5020/15/5020/15/5020/15/50 42 Life1990-97 and 1998+ for HC, CO, and PM: LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 8 years/185,000 milesHHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles1994+ urban buses for PM only: 10 years/290,000 miles1998+ for NOx: LHDDE: 10 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 10 years/185,000 milesHHDDE: 10 years/290,000 milesLHDDE: 10 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 10 years/185,000 milesHHDDE and urban buses: 435,000 miles, 13,000 hours, or 10 years (but not lessthan 290,000 miles)LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 milesMHDDE: 8 years/185,000 milesHHDDE.

8 8 years/290,000 milesNMHC + NOx(g/bhp-hr) or witha limit of NMHC(ABT)Warranty Period5 years/100,000 miles (but not less than the basicmechanical warranty forthe engine family)5 years/100,000 miles(but not less than the basicmechanical warranty of theengine)5 years, 100,000 miles, or3,000 hours (for 1994 andearlier engines greater than8,500 lbs and for 1995+engines greater than14,000 lbs)Idle CO(percent exhaustgas flow) HIGHWAY ENGINES CI AND URBAN BUSESF ederalbCaliforniaProposed FederalhEuropean UnioniThe test procedures for current and proposed federal standards are the EPA Transient Test Procedure andthe EPA Smoke Test Procedure.

9 The test procedures for California standards are the Transient TestProcedure and the Smoke Opacity Test Procedure. The test procedures for European Union standards arethe 13-mode Steady-State Test Procedure and the European Smoke Test Procedure. Due to the significantdifference in the test procedures, the European Union standards are not directly comparable to EPA andCalifornia apply to smoke opacity at acceleration/lug/peak for 1990 apply only to diesel-fueled HDEs. Standards for 1991+ apply to both diesel- andmethanol-fueled HDEs.

10 Standards that apply to urban buses specifically are standard applies to the following fueled engines for the following model years: methanol/1990+, natural gas and LPG/1994+.dFor petroleum-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for urban buses for 1993. fStandard for urban buses from for urban buses from 1996 and later. The in-use standard is proposed standards were published in the Federal Registeron June 27, 1996 (61FR33421). They aresubject to change when the regulations are finalized.