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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMYAND PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 1 introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyAn understanding of the structure (anatomy) and function( PHYSIOLOGY ) of the human body is important in the life ofevery individual. This chapter presents the following: INTRODUCTION to the sciences of anatomy and PHYSIOLOGY anatomical organization and terminologyANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYANATOMYA natomy is the study of structure and structural relation-ships of the body and / or its parts. Anatomy includes many dif-ferent divisions such as:Cellular anatomyCellular anatomy is the study of the structure of the anatomy is a branch of cytology, the study of thestructure, function, pathology, life cycles, and life historyof anatomyDevelopmental anatomy is the study of the structuraldevelopment of the embryo.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology An understanding of the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the human body is important in the life of

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Transcription of INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMYAND PHYSIOLOGY

1 Chapter 1 introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyAn understanding of the structure (anatomy) and function( PHYSIOLOGY ) of the human body is important in the life ofevery individual. This chapter presents the following: INTRODUCTION to the sciences of anatomy and PHYSIOLOGY anatomical organization and terminologyANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYANATOMYA natomy is the study of structure and structural relation-ships of the body and / or its parts. Anatomy includes many dif-ferent divisions such as:Cellular anatomyCellular anatomy is the study of the structure of the anatomy is a branch of cytology, the study of thestructure, function, pathology, life cycles, and life historyof anatomyDevelopmental anatomy is the study of the structuraldevelopment of the embryo.

2 Developmental anatomy is abranch of embryology, the study of the structure anddevelopment of the anatomyGross anatomy is the study of structures which can be seenwith the unaided eye (the macroscopic structure of tissuesand organs). Histological anatomyHistological anatomy is the study of the structure of tis-sues. Histologyis the study of the structure, as seen micro-scopically, and function of anatomyMicroscopic anatomy is the study of structures with theaid of a microscope. Microscopic anatomy includes thestructural study of cells and anatomyRegional anatomy is the study of specific portions of thebody (regions).Systemic anatomySystemic anatomy is the study of the structure of thebody's anatomySurface anatomy is the study of the structure of the body' is the study function of the living body and/orits parts.

3 PHYSIOLOGY includes many divisions such as:Cell physiologyCell PHYSIOLOGY is the study of the function of cells (abranch of cytology).PathologyPathology is the study of disordered functions or physiologySystemic PHYSIOLOGY is the study of the function of thebody's (organ) physiologySpecial (organ) PHYSIOLOGY is the study of specific organsof the (anatomy) and function ( PHYSIOLOGY ) of thehuman body have complementarity. Complementarityrefers to the interrelationship of structure (anatomy) andfunction ( PHYSIOLOGY ). Complementarity is seen in allaspects of human anatomy and PHYSIOLOGY and is impor-tant in understanding how the body or a structure works ina particular LEVELSOne approach to the structural and functional study of thebody is to organize the body into the following six hierarchicallevels:(1) CHEMICAL LEVELof organizationThe chemical level is the lowest level of (such as ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.)

4 ,molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleicacids, etc.), and their chemical interactions play an essen-tial role in the structural and functional aspects of the cell.(2) CELLULAR LEVELof organizationCells are dependent upon the structural and functionalaspects of their chemistry and are the building blocks oftissues. According to the cell theory, all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells come only from preexisting cells.(3) TISSUE LEVELof organizationTissues are groups of similar cells united to perform a par-ticular function and are the building blocks of are four fundamental groups of tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and neural tissue.

5 (4) ORGAN LEVELof organizationOrgans are formed from the organization of several tissuesthat enable it to perform a particular function. Organs arethe building blocks of systems.(5) ORGAN SYSTEM LEVELof organizationOrgan systems are formed from the interaction of associ-ated organs. Systems are the building blocks of the organ-ism. There are eleven systems of the body that worktogether to form the structural and functional componentsof the organism, the individual.(6) ORGANISM LEVELThe organism is the highest level of organism and isorganized from the following eleven organ OF THE BODYC ardiovascular systemComponents: Heart, blood vessels, and : Transport of blood; including cells,nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones, TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY1 Digestive systemComponents: Digestive tract which includes mouth,esophagus, stomach, small intestine,large intestine, anus, and accessoryorgans such as salivary gland, pancreas,liver and gallbladderFunctions: Processing and absorption of nutrientsEndocrine systemComponents: Organs which produce hormones(chemical messengers) which includepituitary, thyroid, thymus, testes,ovaries, :Long-term regulation of systems by pro-duction and release of hormoneIntegumentary systemComponents: Includes the skin, hair, nails, sweatglands and oil glandsFunctions: Protection (by skin, hair, etc.)

6 , site ofsensory receptors, involved in bodytemperature control, systemComponents: Includes lymph nodes, lymphatic ves-sels and their fluid called lymph, tonsils,spleen, and thymusFunctions:Production of lymphocytes for immuni-ty, and collects, filters, and transportsfluid (lymph)Muscular systemComponents: Includes the skeletal musclesFunctions:Movement of the body and involved inbody temperature regulationNervous systemComponents: Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves,and receptorsFunctions:Immediate control of systems, personal-ity, emotions, systemComponents: Male: Includes testes, ductus (vas) def-erens, prostate, seminal vesicles, : Includes ovaries, fallopiantubes, uterus, and :Production of gametes (sperm, egg),implantation and developmentRespiratory systemComponents: Includes the nasal cavity, voice box (lar-ynx), windpipe (trachea), and lungsFunctions: Delivery of air to lungs for oxygen andcarbon dioxide exchangeSkeletal systemComponents: Bones which form the skeletonFunctions:Includes the skeleton which supports,protects, provides for storage of calci-um, and serves as a site of blood cellproductionUrinary systemComponents: Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinarybladder, and urethraFunctions.

7 Includes the production, storage, andelimination of urine, which involvesregulation of water, electrolytes, andblood six hierarchical levels of organizationCHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LIFEA mong the characteristics of the living human body are the fol-lowing six processes: metabolism responsiveness growth movement differentiation reproductionMETABOLISMM etabolism is generally defined as thesum of all thephysical and chemical processes that pertain to the body'schemistry. The two major phases of metabolism are catabo-lism and is the destructive phase of involves the breakdown of large substancesinto smaller units. One example of catabolism is thedigestion of large protein molecules into their smallerbuilding blocks called amino acids.

8 Another example ofcatabolism is the complete consumption of a simple sugar,glucose, by its conversion to carbon dioxide and waterwith the transfer of energy to other molecules that drivereactions necessary for the normal functioning of is the constructive phase of , we think of anabolism as the process of buildingmolecules from smaller units derived from the catabolismof nutrients. One example is the building of large structur-al and functional proteins from amino acids (obtainedfrom the catabolism of proteins in our foods).2 Chapter 1 introduction to Anatomy and PHYSIOLOGY


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