Introduction to Ergogenic Aids

1 Fall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports1Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthIntroduction to Ergogenic AidsRobert A. Robergs, , FASEP, EPCDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthErgogenicis defined as, tending to increase work An Ergogenic aidis defined as .. A physical, mechanical, nutritional, psychological, or pharmacological substance ortreatment that either directly improves physiological variablesassociated with exercise performance or removes subjective restraintswhich may limit physiological capacity Sports Supplement = Ergogenic AidFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports2Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthExamples of Ergogenic aids ?Swim suitsEquipment golf, cycling, ..ShoesSteroidsEPOD iureticsBlood dopingCaffeineOthers?

2 ??????Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports3Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthWhat Are The Issues?Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports4Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports5Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports6Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthMedia Coverage & Corporate SponsorshipsFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports7Dr.

3 Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthPresident s Council on Physical FitnessFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports8Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthMore Than Just Sports & Athletics!Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthI. MechanicalRunning shoes, nasal breathing strips, equipment innovations, artificial turf, PharmacologicalErythropoietin, -blockers, antihistamines, growth hormone, anabolic-androgenic steroids, caffeine, amphetamines, ephedrine, -hydroxy- -methylbutarate (HMB), Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone, PhysiologicalBlood doping, saline infusion, warm-up, clothing, of Ergogenic AidsFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports9Dr. Robert A.

4 Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthIV. PsychologicalHypnosis, psychotheraphy, imagery, Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and fuels carbohydrate, protein, pyruvate, lactate, fat, caffeine, branched chain amino acids, cellular componentscreatine, carnitine, vitamins, phosphate, NaHCO3-, or stimulatory substances protein, chromium, vanadium, dichloroacetate, ephedrine, -hydroxy- -methylbutarate (HMB), Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrostenedione, caffeine, , -hydroxy- -methylbutarate (HMB), NutritionalFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports10Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthCaffeineEphedrineDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthCaffeine The most highly consumed drug in North America and Europe.

5 IOC initially banned caffeine in 1962, then removed from list in 1972. Today, urinary caffeine > 12 g/L is an IOC infringement. (NCAA > 15 g/L) This urinary level requires > mg/kg caffeine, where 1 cup coffee provides 80 mg/80 = cups330 mg/80 = cupsAssumes 75 kg body massIOC banned dosageErgogenic benefitFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports11Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthImproved exerciseenduranceStimulant to CNS Diuresis Incidence of cardiac arrythmias Muscle glycogenolysis LipolysisCAFFEINEDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthAndrostenedioneFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports12Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and that may enhance thermoregulation and/or prevent dehydrationfluid, electrolytes, glycerol, sports drinks, Robert A.

6 Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthGlycerolIngestion of ~ g glycerol/kg body mass with sufficient volumes of water (26 mL/kg) can induce an increase in hydration, termed hydration can improve cardiovascular function and thermoregulation during conditions where dehydration is inevitable. Fall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports13Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthCarnitineMolecule that transports fatty acids into mitochondria. Research indicates that carnitine provides no Ergogenic evidence for increased VO2max and BicarbonateIncreases blood bicarbonate and buffering potential. Increases performance during intense intermittent Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthCreatine Most popular nutritional supplement on market @ $300 million sales in in 2000.

7 First reported supplementation Barcelona Olympics 1992. Creatine is the main component of creatine phosphate. Creatine is found in meat and fish (mixed diet provides about 1 g/day), but is also synthesized in the liver, pancreas, & kidneys (1 g/day, which is suppressed with supplementation).Fall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports14Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthCreatine Dietary supplementation of creatine of at least 15 -25 g/day for 2-7 days can increase muscle creatine by 20 -30%. (~ 20% is in CrP form) Physiological benefits inconsistently reported in research and changes are not large. Some detriment increased body water (weight), muscle cramping, possible renal damage from long term high intake. Not banned, but in the the NCAA prevents college teams from providing it to Robert A.

8 Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthBranched Chain Amino AcidsThe main BCAA s are leucine, isoleucine and valine. These amino acids decrease the ability for tryptophanto cross the blood brain barrier, impeding the formation of seratoninand the perception of fatigue(central fatigue).Fall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports15Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthErythropoietin (EPO) A hormone that is mainly produced in the kidney in response to hypoxia, anemia, and blood loss. EPO stimulates increased red blood cell production (erythropoiesis). EPO also provides central nervous system stimulation EPO is widely used by elite endurance athletes, but has caused deaths due to organ damage resulting from excessive increases in blood Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthBlood Doping The removal of 1-4 units of blood, storage of the blood for 4-8 weeks, and the reinfusion of the red blood cells.

9 Reinfusion usually occurs ~1 week prior to competition. Blood doping can double the [Hb], but typically this causes too much of an increase in blood g/L x mL/g x = 148 mL/L200 g/L x mL/L x = 263 mL/L262 -148 = 79mL/LFall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports16Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthA Model For Assessing Ergogenic AidsFluid ReplacementCHO ReplacementCaffeineCreatineEphedrineEPOA ntioxidantsHMBS teroidsTobaccoProteinAndrostenidioneAlco holDr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthConclusions Many forces are at work to promote supplement use and abuse. Most nutritional Ergogenic aids are unjustifiable. Only positive choices are fluid, CHO and HMB. Is steroid, or any Ergogenic , abuse a symptom of a larger problem ( : win at all costs)?

10 Fall, 2010 Ergogenic aids in Sports17Dr. Robert A. Robergs: Professor of Human Movement and HealthThank You