LECTURE NOTES ON CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND …

1 LECTURE NOTESONCONSTRUCTIONPLANNING AND SCHEDULINGEmad Elbeltagi, , ,Professor of CONSTRUCTION ManagementStructural Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering,Mansoura UniversityConstruction project Management2012 Copyright 2012by the author. All rights reserved. No part of this book may bereproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base orretrieval system, without the prior written permissions of the theName of ALLAH the Most Merciful, the Most CompassionateAll praise is due to ALLAH and blessings and peace be upon His messenger and servant,Muhammad, and upon his family and companions and whoever follows his guidanceuntil the Day of project managementis a relatively young field. However, its impact hasbeen quite remarkable. It has become an important practicefor improving the efficiencyofconstructionoperations around the world.

2 This book deals with sometopics andtoolsofthelarge fieldof project book is dedicated mainly to undergraduate engineering students, especially CivilEngineering students where most of the applications are presented in the civil provides the reader withthe main knowledge tomanage a CONSTRUCTION projectfrom preliminary stages to handover. It includessevenchapters: Chapter 1 providestheplanning stages of a CONSTRUCTION 2is dedicated forpresenting differentscheduling techniques along with the schedule dedicated todiscuss the scheduling methods on non-deterministic activity withboth the resource scheduling and smoothing schedulecompression is, also, presented in chapter5. Chapter6is dedicated for the project financeand cash flow analysis. Finally, chapter7is dedicated for project solvedexamples have been added to enable the students to understand the material presented inthis book.

3 Also, each chapter is followed by exercises for training , May ALLAH acceptsthis humble work and I hope it will be beneficial to OF CONTENTSCHAPTER1: project Breakdown Structure (WBS) project Activity Duration and Direct : project Critical Path for the Critical Path Networks Diagram Method (PDM) to Network :STOCHASTIC with Uncertain Evaluation and Review to Program Evaluation and Review Aggregation (Loading) Leveling (Smoothing) ofMoments for Resource Procedure for Resource with Limited : project TIME-COST Time-Cost Time-Cost project :PROJECTCASH Cash project Income (Cash-in) Contract Cash Contractor Negative Cash ofBorrowing (Return on Investment) Cash Profitability Cash Present Value (NPV) of Return (IRR) : project that may Arise During Schedule Value & SchedulingDr. Emad Elbeltagi1 CHAPTER1 PROJECTPLANNINGThis chapter deals with preparing projects plans in terms of defining: work breakdownstructure, activities, logical relations, durations and activities direct cost.

4 Terminology ofproject PLANNING will be presented and discussed. project network representation usingdifferent graphical methods including: activity on arrow and activity on node a general term that sets a clear road map that should be followed to reach adestination. The term, therefore, has been used at different levels to mean differentthings. PLANNING involves the breakdown of the project into definable, measurable, andidentifiable tasks/activities, and then establishes the logical interdependences amongthem. Generally, PLANNING answers three main questions:What is to be done?How to do it?Who does it?In CONSTRUCTION , for example, plans may exist at several levels: corporate strategic plans,pre-tender plans, pre-contractplans, short-term CONSTRUCTION plans, and long-termconstruction plans. These plans are different from each other; however, all these plansinvolve four main steps: PLANNING & SchedulingDr.

5 Emad Elbeltagi2-Performing breakdown of work items involved in the project into the proper sequence by which the activities should be the resources, time, and cost of individual PLANNING for tendering purposes and the preparation of CONSTRUCTION needs to beconductedthrough brainstorming sessions among the PLANNING team. The inputs andoutputs of the PLANNING process are shown : PLANNING inputs and outputsPlanning requires a rigorous effort by the PLANNING team. A planner should know thedifferent categories of work and be familiar with the terminology and knowledge used ingeneral practice. Also, the PLANNING tem should seek the opinion of experts includingactual CONSTRUCTION experience. This helps produce a realistic plan andavoids problemslater on PLANNING StepsThe following steps may be used as a guideline, or checklist to develop a project the scope of work, method statement, and sequence of the work breakdown structure (WBS) to produce a complete list the organization breakdown structure (OBS) and link it with workbreakdown structure o identify informationDrawingsSpecificationsAvailab le resourcesBills of quantitiesSite reportsOrganizational dataConstruction methodsActivitiesRelationships among activitiesMethod statementResponsibilityReporting levelsProject network diagramActivities durationActivities costINPUTSOUTPUTSPLANNINGP lanning & SchedulingDr.

6 Emad Elbeltagi3 HouseCivilPlumpingElectricalFoundationsW alls/RoofPipingH/C : WBS and their the relationship between activities time duration, cost expenditure, and resource the project (WBS)The WBS is described as a hierarchical structure which is designed to logically sub-divide all the work-elements of the project into a graphical presentation. Thefull scope ofwork for the project is placed at the top of the diagram, and then sub-divided smallerelements of work at each lower level of the breakdown. At the lowest level of the WBSthe elements of work is called a work package. A list of project s activities is developedfrom the work use of the WBS will outline the scope of the project and the responsibility foreach work package. There is not necessarily a right or wrong structure because what maybe an excellent fit for one discipline may be an awkward burden for another.

7 To visualizethe WBS, shows a house CONSTRUCTION shown , level 1 represents the full scope of work for the house. In level 2,the project is sub-divided into its three main trades, and in level 3 each trade is sub-divided to specific work another example for more detailedWBS, in which the project WBS is divided into five levels: PLANNING & SchedulingDr. Emad Elbeltagi4 Level 1: Theentire 2: Independent 3:Physicallyidentifiable sectionsfully contained in alevel 2 area, reflectconstruction 4:Disciplines set : Master schedule activities,quantity, :The WBS for a warehouse is as follow:For more details, another two levels (third and fourth levels) can be added as shownbelow:Gas development projectRecovery unit 300 Process unit 400 Level 1 Level 2 Train 2 Train 1 Gas treatingSeparation and stabilizationLevel 3 InstrumentationStructural steelCivilPipingLevel 4 PipingfabricationLevel : Five levels WBSP lanning & SchedulingDr.

8 Emad Elbeltagi5 Accordingly, a complete WBS for the warehouse project can be shown as follow( ) : Warehouse project WBSP lanning & SchedulingDr. Emad Elbeltagi6 WBS and organizational breakdown structure (OBS)The WBS elements at various levels can be related to the contractor sorganizational breakdown structure (OBS), which defines the differentresponsibility levels and their appropriate reporting needs as shown figure, also, shows that work packages are tied to the company unified code ofaccounts. The unified code of accounts allows cataloging, sorting, and summarizingof all such, the activity of installing columns formwork of area 2,for example, which is the responsibility of the general contractor s formworkforeman, has a unique code that represents all its codingA project code system provides the framework for project PLANNING and control inwhich each work package in a WBS is given a unique code that is used in projectplanning and control.

9 The coding system provides a comprehensive checklist of allitems of work that can be found in a specific type of CONSTRUCTION . Also, it providesuniformity, transfer & comparison of information among projects. An example ofthis coding system is the MasterFormat( ) which wasdeveloped through ajoint effort of 8 industry & professional associations including:ConstructionSpecifications Institute (CSI); andConstruction Specifications Canada (CSC). an example of the coding system using a standardize system as theMasterFormat. The Master format is divided into 16 divisions as follows:1) )Site ) ) ) )Woods & )Thermal & Moisture )Doors & ) & SchedulingDr. Emad Elbeltagi7 ProjectArea 1 Area 3 BeamsColumnsSlabsFormworkReinforcementCo ncretingOBS (Responsibility & reporting)Area managerWBS(Work elements)SubcontractorAGeneralcontractor SubcontractorBCivilsuperintendentMechani calsuperintendentElectricalsuperintenden tFormworkforemanRebarforemanConcretefore manControl :WBS linked to the OBS10) )Equipment12) )Special )Conveying ) ) building block (the smallest unit) of a WBS is the activity, which is a unique unit ofthe project that has a specified duration.

10 An activity is defined as any function or decisionin the project that: consumes time, resources, and cost. Activities are classified to threetypes: PLANNING & SchedulingDr. Emad :MasterFormat coding systemPlanning & ElbeltagiProduction activities: activities that involve the use of resources such as labor,equipment, material, or subcontractor. This type of activities can be easilyidentified by reading the project s drawings and specifications. Examples are:excavation, formwork, reinforcement, concreting, etc. each production activitycan have a certain quantity of work, resource needs, costs, and : activities that specify the time for procuring materials orequipment that are needed for a production activity. Examples are: brickprocurement, boiler manufacturing and delivery, : activities that are relatedto management decisions suchas approvals, vacations, activity can be as small as steel fixing offirst floor columns or as large as construct first floor columns.