Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity into ...

1 Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services AND Biodiversity into agricultural production AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDSBIODIVERSITY & Ecosystem Services IN agricultural production SYSTEMSTECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENTBIODIVERSITY & Ecosystem Services IN agricultural production SYSTEMSFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSSECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYSECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMESECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITYROME, 2016 Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services AND Biodiversity into agricultural production AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDSTECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENTC over photo: Michael FurlongBack cover photos (left to right): Randy Thaman; Matt Capper; S.

2 Tutua; Clare MorrisonThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or of Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, or CBD, SPREP and SPC in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

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4 And can be purchased through Ecosystem Services AND Biodiversity into agricultural production AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDSFOREWORD ..ixACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..xACRONYMS ..xiPart I Context1. INTRODUCTION ..1 Defining Biodiversity , ecosystems and Ecosystem Services ..3 Ecosystem approaches to agriculture for conservation of agrobiodiversity and Ecosystem Services ..4 Economic assessment of Ecosystem Services in agriculture ..5 About this guidance document ..62. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS SUPPORTING Ecosystem Services IN AND FOR AGRICULTURE ..8 Conventions on chemical management ..8 Convention on Biological Diversity ..10 agricultural instruments.

5 13 Sustainable Development Goals ..13 Biodiversity Mainstreaming in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other international strategies and agreements ..15 Part II Agrobiodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Pacific Islands 3. ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS ..17 Organic farming practices ..19 Socio-economic benefits of organic farming systems in the Pacific Islands ..20 Ecosystem Services of organic farming systems ..21 Challenges for enhancing Ecosystem Services from organic farming systems ..23 Examples of current policy instruments supporting organic agriculture across the Pacific Islands ..23 Recommendations for Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity through organic agriculture in Pacific Island countries NBSAPs.

6 28 TABLE OF CONTENTSBIODIVERSITY & Ecosystem Services IN agricultural production SYSTEMSiv4. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ..31 Agroforestry systems in the Pacific Islands ..31 Ecosystem Services from agroforestry ..33 Challenges to the conservation of agroforestry systems in the Pacific Islands ..34 Cultural practices that conserve Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in tree-based systems ..36 Suggested policy actions to protect agroforestry systems, for uptake in NBSAPs and agricultural sector policies ..375. Ecosystem Services AND SOIL FERTILITY ..41 Pacific Islands context ..41 Ecosystem Services from soil fertility ..43 Practices that maintain or enhance soil Ecosystem Services .

7 47 Challenges in adopting Ecosystem approaches to improving soil fertility ..52 Recommendations to capture soil Ecosystem Services in NBSAPs ..52 Soil fertility initiatives in the implementation of NBSAPs ..546. EXPLOITING Ecosystem Services FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES ..56 Ecosystem Services of ecological pest management ..57 Practices for ecological management of insect pests and diseases ..57 Challenges to the adoption of improved pest management strategies ..63 Policy and institutional frameworks for adoption of ecological pest management in the Pacific Islands ..647. ECOLOGICAL WEED MANAGEMENT ..66 Ecosystem Services of ecological weed management.

8 67 Practices of ecological weed management ..69 Possibilities for using Biodiversity to address weed management in agro- ecosystems ..73 Examples of ecological weed management in the Pacific Islands ..73 Trade-offs and synergies of ecological weed management ..75 Challenges to adoption of ecological weed management and how to foster it ..768. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ..78 Prevention ..78 Management ..80 Challenges of managing invasive alien species in the Pacific practices for an Ecosystem approach to management of invasive alien species in the Pacific Islands ..83 Tools and frameworks for management of invasive alien species in the Pacific Islands.

9 87 Recommendations for consideration of invasive alien species in NBSAPs ..89vMAINSTREAMING Ecosystem Services AND Biodiversity into agricultural production AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS9. Ecosystem Services OF ECOTOURISM IN agricultural ZONES ..91 Ecosystem Services of ecotourism ..92 Ecotourism in relation to agriculture and conservation of Ecosystem Services ..95 Tourism in the Pacific Islands ..95 Recommendations for sustaining the Ecosystem benefits of ecotourism in agricultural zones in the Pacific Islands ..100 Recommendations for capturing ecotourism in NBSAPs and other policies ..104 Part III Policy measures for Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in agricultural production and management10.

10 REGIONAL AND NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORKS SUPPORTING Biodiversity AND Ecosystem Services IN AND FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS ..111 Regional framework ..111 National policy framework ..112 Mainstreaming Biodiversity conservation in national development strategies and national agriculture sector plans ..116 Coherence in addressing Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in and for agriculture in NBSAPs and NASPs in Pacific Island countries ..11811. COORDINATED INCENTIVES TO SUPPORT Ecosystem Services THROUGH SUSTAINABLE production .. 122 Incentives for Ecosystem Services ..122 Conclusions ..12512. SUPPORTIVE POLICIES AND ENABLING ACTIONS FOR Ecosystem -BASED AGRICULTURE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS.