MANAGING PROTECTED AREAS

1 CHAPTER 8 MANAGING PROTECTED AREAS Principal author: Graeme L. WorboysSupporting author: Ted TrzynaCONTENTS Introduction The need for management Management: Definition and functions Strategic management Frameworks and tools MANAGING PROTECTED area systems Management guidance for IUCN PROTECTED area categories Management for PROTECTED area governance types MANAGING PROTECTED AREAS in special contexts Conclusion ReferencesPRINCIPAL AUTHORGRAEME L. WORBOyS is Co-Vice-Chair, Connectivity Conservation and Mountains, International Union for Conservation of Nature World Commission on PROTECTED AREAS , and an Adjunct Fellow at the Fenner School, The Australian National AUTHORTED TRZyNA is Chair of the IUCN WCPA urban Specialist Group and President of the InterEnvironment Institute, an affiliate of Claremont Graduate University in California, Lockwood and Ashish Kothari are thanked for reviewing an earlier draft of this chapter.

2 Appreciation is expressed to Nitin D. Rai, Ankila J. Hiremath, Siddappa Setty and Michael Treanor for their contributions to this , G. L. and Trzyna, T. (2015) MANAGING PROTECTED AREAS , in G. L. Worboys, M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, S. Feary and I. Pulsford (eds) PROTECTED area Governance and Management, pp. 207 250, ANU Press, PAGE PHOTOE ntrance to Kayangan Lake, Coron Island, Philippines, a formal ancestral domain of the Tagbanwa people, one of the oldest ethnic groups in the Philippines: the PROTECTED area is also recognised as a national reserve and a marine reserve Source: Ashish Kothari8. MANAGING PROTECTED Areas209 Introduction MANAGING PROTECTED AREAS is a fundamental chapter for PROTECTED area practitioners and policymakers.

3 As with governance (Chapter 7), it is a basic building block of supporting information essential for the professional management of PROTECTED AREAS . This chapter primarily focuses on large PROTECTED area management organisations including government agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and private organisations. In adopting this focus, we recognise that for many Indigenous Peoples and Community Conserved Territories and AREAS (ICCAs), management is less formal, with planning undocumented and part of everyday decisions by communities that are evolving, informal and intuitive (Kothari, pers.)

4 Comm.). The principles and practices described in this chapter are, however, broadly relevant to all PROTECTED AREAS , and we indicate specific aspects that are relevant to ICCAs, individual land managers and those acting for small organisations. This chapter also emphasises, for all governance types, the need for active PROTECTED area management to achieve conservation chapter presents some management theory in providing a definition for management that includes its four core functions. We introduce strategic management considerations, planning frameworks and many support tools and frameworks to assist practitioners to improve management effectiveness and inspire further innovation.

5 Management for national systems of PROTECTED AREAS is considered. These systems may include government and private PROTECTED AREAS and ICCAs. For individual PROTECTED AREAS , management guidance has been provided for each of the six International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) PROTECTED area management categories. Management considerations for working with officials and other people who are living, working and using PROTECTED AREAS are also presented. Different governance arrangements need different approaches to management, and the management associated with four governance types recognised by the IUCN is described, including working and operating within a government PROTECTED area system, shared governance arrangements, and introductions to private PROTECTED AREAS and ICCA governance arrangements.

6 PROTECTED AREAS are also established in special contexts, and reserves within or near urban AREAS , such as Category II PROTECTED AREAS , are also need for managementIn mid 2014, some per cent of the terrestrial surface of Earth and per cent of global ocean area , which included per cent of marine AREAS under national jurisdiction, had been officially recognised as PROTECTED AREAS (UNEP-WCMC 2014). These PROTECTED AREAS need constant and effective management to respond to multiple issues and land and sea management responsibilities. Such management is an investment in healthy environments, biodiversity conservation, other natural heritage conservation, cultural heritage conservation and healthy managementProtected AREAS constantly face threats such as climate change effects, introduced species, visitor impacts, vandalism, poaching, pollution events, development and extractive activities, civil unrest, incidents such as extreme storms and wildfire events and other issues.

7 Being responsive in a planned and effective way is critical. PROTECTED area practitioners undertake many other tasks such as species management, anti-poaching patrolling, providing for visitor services, dealing with emergencies, research and monitoring, and restoration work. At the government policy level, responses to development threats to PROTECTED AREAS need to be made. Social, economic and environmental outcomes from active and responsive PROTECTED area management benefit visitors, neighbours, researchers, local communities, businesses, private organisations, governments and future changesWith the growth in the number of PROTECTED AREAS , and recommendations by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) for further increases, there are usually social and political issues associated with such land-use change that need to be managed.

8 PROTECTED AREAS are a relatively new concept (Chapter 2), and in the 2010s there are many individuals, neighbours and communities who are directly experiencing this land use for the first time. This is a change for people, and settling in a new PROTECTED area land use will take time. Acceptance for some may be immediate or it may take time and active on-ground management, and constantly working with and participating in management with communities and neighbours will be critical. For other AREAS such as ICCAs, securing PROTECTED area status would probably mean conservation land-use practices undertaken for PROTECTED area Governance and Management210generations would be sustained.

9 Additional protection provided by PROTECTED area status would help community members to deter unwanted are historical insights to such land-use changes. For visitors to the more than a century old Royal National Park in Australia, Banff National Park in Canada and Yosemite National Park in the United States, there can be a feeling of enormous gratitude towards those who had the foresight to protect such exceptional AREAS . There is also latent appreciation for the active conservation management of generations of professional park managers who have kept these lands intact (albeit with evolving management emphasis over time), for the natural beauty of these parks is (effectively) the same now as it was in the leadershipProtected area practitioners will be acutely aware of the need for active, effective and responsive management.

10 Indecisive or incompetent management responses or even worse, inaction can lead to a paper park scenario and, regrettably, to the exploitation and degradation of a reserve. Strong leadership and effective PROTECTED area management underpinned by the best professional management expertise, experience and tools available are needed in the 21st century. In this chapter, we provide information that will assist such professional management and we begin by introducing some important theoretical information about the concept of : Definition and functionsWhat is management? It has been described as the process of assembling and using sets of resources in a goal-directed manner to accomplish tasks in an organisation (Hitt et al.)