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MODULE 3 – BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING

FEMA NATIONAL US&R RESPONSE SYSTEMSTRUCTURAL COLLAPSE TECHNICIAN 02-00 MODULE 3 BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING SM 3 1 TERMINAL OBJECTIVESThe student shall properly breach, break, cut and burn togain access through concrete, steel or other structuralcomponents during rescue operations in heavy floor, heavywall, steel and concrete structuresEnabling Objectivesn Correctly identify types of concrete and theircomponentsn Identify concrete components and their importance tosystems designn Understand their importance during collapse rescueoperationsn Identify concrete construction typesn Understand the properties, strengths and weaknessesof concrete and its componentsn Correctly select tools or tool packages for rescueoperationsn Identify functional parts of an exothermic torchn Identify functional parts of an oxy-acetylene or mappgas torchn Effectively trouble shoot each tool as neededFEMA NATIONAL US&R RESPONSE SYSTEMSTRUCTURAL COLLAPSE TECHNICIAN 02-00 MODULE

MODULE 3 – BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING SM 3 3 Types of concrete nPeople often misuse the word cement and concrete. Cement is a fine gray powder, and once mixed with water, sand, gravel or stone becomes concrete. The strength and durability of concrete depend chiefly on the amount of water used. If too much water is used the cement ...

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Transcription of MODULE 3 – BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING

1 FEMA NATIONAL US&R RESPONSE SYSTEMSTRUCTURAL COLLAPSE TECHNICIAN 02-00 MODULE 3 BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING SM 3 1 TERMINAL OBJECTIVESThe student shall properly breach, break, cut and burn togain access through concrete, steel or other structuralcomponents during rescue operations in heavy floor, heavywall, steel and concrete structuresEnabling Objectivesn Correctly identify types of concrete and theircomponentsn Identify concrete components and their importance tosystems designn Understand their importance during collapse rescueoperationsn Identify concrete construction typesn Understand the properties, strengths and weaknessesof concrete and its componentsn Correctly select tools or tool packages for rescueoperationsn Identify functional parts of an exothermic torchn Identify functional parts of an oxy-acetylene or mappgas torchn Effectively trouble shoot each tool as neededFEMA NATIONAL US&R RESPONSE SYSTEMSTRUCTURAL COLLAPSE TECHNICIAN 02-00 MODULE 3 BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING SM 3 2 CONCRETE AS A MATERIALH istorynInitially the Romans used a cement to make concrete.

2 Theyused Pozzolan Cement made from volcanic ash, sand andlime. These raw materials were simply ground together tomake the cement, and they mixed their cement with brokenstone and brick to produce 1824 Joseph Aspdin a brickmason from Leeds, Englandtook out a patent on a material he called Portland cement. Aspidin is generally credited with inventing a method forproportioning limestone and clay, BURNING the mixture at ahigh temperature to produce clinkers, then grinding theclinkers to produce a hydraulic cement very similar to thatused cement and water are mixed they form a paste. It isthis paste that binds particles of aggregate (sand and stone)together to form reaction of cement and water is exothermic; heat isgenerated during the reaction.

3 Depending on the type ofstructure, heat can be an advantage (thin concrete) or adisadvantage if excessive (thick concrete). This hydrationreaction can last for years if the concrete is very thick andhas moisture , Hoover dam. Generally, however, a slabor driveway of concrete will cure to its rated strength inabout 28 , Mortar and Groutn When cement and water are mixed together with sand,broken rock or gravel (aggregate) we have concrete. Mortar is usually made by mixing portland cement andwater with sand, and lime. The lime makes the mix takeon a buttery texture, which is especially helpful whenbonding blocks and bricks together. Grout is a mixture of portland cement and water withsand, and sometimes pea gravel.

4 Grout is usuallyproportioned to be quite fluid when it is used for fillingvoids, but may be made to be more buttery (without peagravel) when used in grouting AS AMATERIAL Initially used by the Romans They used Pozzolan Cement made fromvolcanic ash, sand, and lime In 1824 Joseph Aspdin developedPortland Cement He mixed limestone and clay, burnedthem at high temperatures, producedclinkers and then ground them down tocreate Portland Cement1999 HYDRATION When Portland Cement contactswater its called hydration Hydration creates a water cementpaste, which in turn, holds theaggregate (sand & rocks) together. This paste and the aggregate formsPortland Cement Concrete, usuallyjust called Concrete 1999 CONCRETE, MORTAR & GROUT In order to form Concrete we must mixcement and water with sand and gravel sand & gravel = aggregate Mortar is made by mixing cement & waterwith sand, often lime is added used when bonding block or brick together Grout is also made using cement/water +sand and sometimes pea gravel may be mixed to be quite fluid, as whenfilling voids.

5 Or may be mixed stiff as whengrouting tile1999 REACTION ISSUES The reaction of water and cement isexothermic In thin concrete heat is an advantage In thick concrete heat is a disadvantage Hydration can last for years dependingon the thickness of the concrete Hoover Dam may take years Overage slab or driveway will cure in lessthan 28 daysFEMA NATIONAL US&R RESPONSE SYSTEMSTRUCTURAL COLLAPSE TECHNICIAN 02-00 MODULE 3 BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING SM 3 3 Types of concretenPeople often misuse the word cement and concrete. Cement is a fine gray powder, and once mixed with water,sand, gravel or stone becomes concrete. The strength anddurability of concrete depend chiefly on the amount of waterused.

6 If too much water is used the cement paste will betoo weak to hold the aggregates together. Generally, withinlimits the less water used the stronger the There are a variety of concrete types. These depend on theaggregate used, the amount of water added and ultimatelythe end use required of the concrete. In all instances theconcrete will be constructed and designed in accordancewith what it is expected to accomplish. This may mean theaddition of reinforcing mechanisms and may include a varietyof engineering options. Note: Contractors have beenknown to cut corners with regards to the specificengineering requirements of the OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONn Concrete can be used in a variety of structural members.

7 The strength of the member is dependent upon construction. Obviously if you are expecting a portion of concrete to beused as a load bearing member it had better be engineeredfor the job. Depending upon the US&R mission you may befaced with a variety of different construction how to identify each, what the properties of eachare and establishing a best method scenario to breach andbreak provides you with a tactical edge. n There are two types of reinforcement used in concretesystems. Rebar and steel cable Reinforcement systems: This is a composite material ofsteel (rebar) or steel cable and concrete. Steel providesthe tensile strength that concrete alone lacks.

8 Steel mayalso be used to provide compressive strength. You mustremember that if the bond or anchorage is brokenbetween the steel and the concrete the structuralstrength ceases to exist. Reinforced concrete examplesinclude columns, floors, walls, beams, double T s andpractically every concrete bearing structural AS A MATERIAL Cement Fine graypowder No strengthwithout water Concrete Cement thatis mixed withgravel, sand,and rock isConcrete1999 CONCRETE DESIGN ISSUES Concrete engineered to perform aspecific task Requires design specific criteria If contractors cut corners integrity andstrength of concrete are compromised Example: More water less strength1999 TWO TYPES OF REINFORCING Deformed Rebar low carbon steel, similar tosteel in beams, angles, etc.

9 High tension steel cables usually 7 wire, woven cableFEMA NATIONAL US&R RESPONSE SYSTEMSTRUCTURAL COLLAPSE TECHNICIAN 02-00 MODULE 3 BREACHING-BREAKING-CUTTING- BURNING SM 3 4 TYPES OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (continued)nConcrete construction can be broken down into the followingtwo types of formats. CAST IN PLACE: This is concrete that has been moldedin the location in which it is expected to remain. Thiscould be a patio porch, a foundation for a house or a castfloor for a high rise structure. Cast in place concrete willoften have rebar used as the reinforcing steel, buy maybe constructed using post-tensioned cables (explained asfollows)Post-tensioned: In this case high tensile strength steelcables or bars are encased in tubing (casing) andgreased to prevent adhesion between steel andconcrete, positioned in the forms and then theconcrete is poured.

10 After the concrete is set andreaches a specified strength the steel is stretchedand anchored at the ends of the slab or structuralmember. Examples include floor slabs in concretehigh rise buildings and parking structures. Note thatthe grease also provides protection from rust, etc. PRECAST: This is concrete, which has been cast at alocation other than the place it is to remain. These couldbe tilt up walls, which are made on site or are broughtonto site, double T floor sections (joists) which are hauledin and connected together. Precast concrete may beconstructed with rebar or pretensioned reinforcing (orboth)Pretensioned: High tensile strength steel strands(cable) are stretched inside the concrete is placed into forms built around the the concrete sets it bonds to the tensioned is done in a plant and the completedunit is shipped to the job site.


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