Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Economic Impact Analysis for the Proposed New Subpart to the New Source Performance Standards Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. June 2014. CONTACT INFORMATION. This document has been prepared by staff from the Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency. Questions related to this document should be addressed to Alexander Macpherson, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, C439-02, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 (email: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.)

2 In addition to EPA staff from the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and the Office of Atmospheric Programs with the EPA Office of Air and Radiation, Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG) contributed data and analysis to this document. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. III. LIST OF TABLES .. V. LIST OF FIGURES .. VI. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .. 1-1. BACKGROUND .. 1-1. RESULTS FOR PROPOSED NSPS .. 1-1. ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT .. 1-2. 2 INDUSTRY PROFILE .. 2-1. INTRODUCTION .. 2-1. Waste STREAM BACKGROUND .. 2-3. Municipal Waste .. 2-3. Generation of Municipal Solid Waste .. 2-3. Landfills Covered Under the NSPS/EG.

3 2-4. Trends in Per Capita Waste Sent to 2-4. Composition of MSW Sent to Landfills .. 2-5. Consolidation of Waste Streams .. 2-7. DISPOSAL FACILITY 2-8. Technical Background on Landfills as a Source Category .. 2-8. Landfill Siting and Permitting .. 2-8. Landfill Operations .. 2-9. Landfill Closure .. 2-10. Management of Liquids .. 2-10. Ownership and Characteristics of Landfills .. 2-11. COSTS AND REVENUE STREAMS FOR Landfills .. 2-15. Major Cost Components for Landfills .. 2-15. Landfill Revenue Sources .. 2-18. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM Landfills .. 2-21. NMOC in LFG .. 2-21. Methane in LFG.

4 2-22. Criteria Pollutants from Combustion of LFG .. 2-23. TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING EMISSIONS FROM Landfills .. 2-24. 2-24. Gas Collection Systems .. 2-24. Destruction .. 2-26. Utilization .. 2-27. Technologies .. 2-27. Revenues and Incentives .. 2-32. REFERENCES .. 2-35. 3 REGULATORY PROGRAM COSTS AND EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS .. 1. INTRODUCTION ..1. GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS AND PROCEDURES ..1. EMISSIONS ANALYSIS ..3. ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE COST ANALYSIS ..3. REGULATORY BASELINE AND OPTIONS ..5. 4 ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTIONAL 4-1. ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS .. 4-1. iii SMALL BUSINESS IMPACTS ANALYSIS.

5 4-1. iv LIST OF TABLES. Table 2-1 Generation and Discards of MSW, 1960 to 2010 (in pounds per person per day) .. 2-5. Table 2-2 Materials Discardeda In the MSW Stream, 1960 to 2010 (in thousands of tons) .. 2-7. Table 2-3 Top 5 Waste Management Companies That Own or Operate MSW Landfills in 2011 .. 2-13. Table 2-4 Typical Costs Per Acre for Components of Landfill Construction (Duffy, 2005a) .. 2-16. Table 2-5 Average Regional and National Per-Ton Tip Fees (Rounded): 1995-2012 .. 2-19. Table 2-6 Average LFG Power Production Technology Costs .. 2-29. Table 2-7 Average LFG Direct-use Project Components Costs.

6 2-31. Table 3-1 Number of Affected New Landfills under the Baseline and Alternative Options ..6. Table 3-2 Estimated Annual Average Emissions Reductions for the Baseline and Alternative Options ..7. Table 3-3 Estimated Engineering Compliance Costs for the Baseline and Alternative Options ..8. Table 3-4 Estimated Cost-effectiveness for the Baseline and Alternative Options ..9. v LIST OF FIGURES. Figure 2-1 Material Composition of the MSW Stream, 2010 .. 2-6. Figure 2-2 Landfill Cost Life Cycle .. 2-18. Figure 2-3 Typical LFG Generation Curve .. 2-23. Figure 2-4 Vertical Well LFG Collection .. 2-25.

7 Figure 2-5 Horizontal Trench LFG Collection .. 2-25. vi 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Background The EPA is proposing amendments to the Standards of Performance for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills . Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA must periodically review and revise the standards of performance, as necessary, to reflect improvements in methods for reducing emissions. Based on our review of the standards, we are proposing to lower the annual NMOC. emissions threshold from 50 Mg/year to 40 Mg/year. The EPA is also addressing other regulatory issues for sources that have arisen during implementation of Subpart WWW including the definition of landfill gas treatment systems, among other topics.

8 This proposed new subpart, Subpart XXX, applies to new Landfills . In this EIA, the EPA presents a profile of the Municipal Solid Waste industry in the United States and an analysis of the costs and emissions reductions associated with a range of regulatory options, including the option chosen for proposal. The EPA drew upon a comprehensive database of existing Landfills to develop model Landfills to represent new Landfills opening in the first five years after new subpart XXX is proposed (2014-2018). The model future Landfills were developed by evaluating the most recently opened existing Landfills and assuming that the sizes and locations of Landfills opening in the future would be similar to the sizes and locations of Landfills that opened in the last 10 years.

9 The impacts shown in this section are expressed as the incremental difference between facilities complying with the current NSPS (40 CFR part 60, subpart WWW) and facilities that would be comply with proposed subpart XXX. All impacts are shown for the year 2023. The analysis also includes the small entity analysis supporting the EPA's certification that there will not be a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities (SISNOSE) arising from this proposal. Results for Proposed NSPS. For this executive summary, a summary of the findings of the EIA follows: Engineering Cost Analysis: To meet the proposed emission limits, a MSW landfill is expected to install the least cost control for combusting the landfill gas.

10 The control costs include the costs to install and operate gas collection. For Landfills where the least cost control option was an engine, the costs also include installing and operate one or more reciprocating internal combustion engines to convert the landfill gas into electricity. Revenue from electricity sales was 1-1. incorporated into the net control costs using state-specific data on wholesale purchase prices. The annualized costs also include testing and monitoring costs. For this proposal, which tightens the emissions threshold, the EPA estimated the nationwide incremental annualized cost in 2023 to be $471,000 (2012$).