NIGHTNOISE GUIDELINES FOREUROPE - …

1 NIGHT NOISEGUIDELINESFOR EUROPEN achtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11:07 Uhr Seite U1 Nachtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11:07 Uhr Seite U2 NIGHT NOISEGUIDELINESFOR EUROPEN achtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11:08 Uhr Seite IKeywordsNOISE ADVERSE EFFECTS PREVENTION AND CONTROLSLEEP DEPRIVATION ETIOLOGYSLEEP DISORDERS PREVENTION AND CONTROLENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHHEALTH POLICY LEGISLATIONGUIDELINESISBN 978 92 890 4173 7 Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to:PublicationsWHO Regional Office for EuropeScherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen , DenmarkAlternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information,or f or permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site( ).

2 World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests forpermission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lineson maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information containedin this publication.

3 However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, eitherexpress or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no eventshall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors,editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of theWorld Health by Charlotte Hurtley, Layout by Dagmar BengsNachtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11:08 Uhr Seite IIIIICONTENTSABSTRACTVIFOREWORDVIILIST OF CONTRIBUTORSVIIIEXECUTIVE SUMMARYIXCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: METHODS AND Introduction.

4 Methods and Existing policy documents for night-time General Process of developing Strength of Basic Risk assessment and risk Cause effect Procedure for deriving Considerations with regard to night-time noise of Event or long-term Number of Conversion between Inside/outside Background Choice of indicators for regulatory Exposure in the noise Reported night-time noise Conclusions14 CHAPTER 2 THE RELATION BETWEEN SLEEPAND Sleep, normal sleep, definitions of sleep disturbance, characteristics,mechanisms, the insomnia Normal sleep (objective measurements) Definitions of disturbed Long-term health risk mediated by sleep Stressors, neurobehavioural data and functional neuroimaging Signals mediated by subcortical area (the amygdala), the role ofstress hormones in sleep disturbance and their health consequences Sleep r estriction, environmental stressors ( noise ) and behavioural,medicaland social health consequences of insufficient sleep.

5 Risk of morbidity and Risk Health effects of disturbed sleep in Basic individual factors: gender and Persons exposed to stressors as a risk Shift work as a risk factor for sleep disturbanceand health Accidents related to sleep Conclusions42 Nachtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11:08 Uhr Seite IIIIVCONTENTSCHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF NIGHT-TIME noise ON Short-term effects of transportation noise on sleep with specificattention to mechanisms and possible health How noise influences normal EEG Cardiovascular Body Behavioural awakening in Dose-effect relations for body movements during Individual Use of instantaneous effects in predictions over a Chronic effects.

6 Chronic increase in Conclusions55 CHAPTER 4 EFFECTS OF NIGHT-TIME noise ON HEALTHAND Self-reported (chronic) sleep Neighbourhood noise and noise from Cardiovascular effects of noise findings from epidemiological studies noise and s tress reaction reviews on environmental noise and cardiovascular risk Updated review of epidemiological Mean Medication and drug Evaluation of Dose response curve: Effect Exposure during the Risk Risk on Cognition and Comparing daytime and night-time noise Comparing children and noise and Effects on psychic Transportation noise and mental noise exposure and mental hospital admission noise exposure and psychiatric morbidity in the community Aircraft noise exposure and mental health in children86 Nachtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11.

7 08 Uhr Seite Neighbourhood noise and mental Mechanisms for causal links between noise and mental health Habituation to noise and mental Risk groups for mental health effects from Population groups at risk for mental health effects from noise noise Mental health consequences of Insomnia as a mental health Depressive episode and anxiety between insomnia and psychiatric : associations between noise andpsychiatric The severity of self-reported sleep An assessment of disability Comparison between insomnia and self-reportedsleep Discussion: can chronic short-term effects causelong-term effects on health?

8 97 CHAPTER 5 GUIDELINES AND Thresholds for observed Relations with Lnight, Dealing with situations exceeding the Protection measures and Recommendations for health Relation with the GUIDELINES for community noise (1999)110 REFERENCES111 Appendix of terms and acronyms135 Appendix between Lnightand instantaneous effects137 Appendix studies on stress and and sleep in children154 Nachtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11:08 Uhr Seite VVIThe WHO Regional Office for Europe set up a working group ofexperts to provide scientific advice to the Member States for thedevelopment of future legislation and policy action in the area ofassessment and control of night noise exposure.

9 The workinggroup reviewed available scientific evidence on the health effectsof night noise , and derived health-based guideline values. InDecember 2006, the working group and stakeholders from indus-try, government and nongovernme ntal organizations reviewedandreached general agreement on the guideline values and keytexts for the final document of theNight noise GUIDELINES the scientific evidence on the thresholds of night noiseexposure indicated by Lnight,outsideas defined in theEnvironmental noise Directive (2002/49/EC), an Lnight,outsideof40 dB should be the target of the night noise guideline (NNG)

10 Toprotect the public, including the most vulnerable groups such aschildren, the chronically ill and the elderly. Lnight,outsidevalue of55 dB is recommended as an interim target for the countries wherethe NNG cannot be achieved in the short term for various rea-sons, and where policy-makers choose to adopt a stepwiseapproach. These GUIDELINES are applicable to the Member States ofthe European Region, and may be considered as an extension to,as well as an update of, the previous WHOG uidelines for com-munity noise (1999).ABSTRACTN achtlaerm_2009_7:Nachtlaerm 11:08 Uhr Seite VIVIIFOREWORDWHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental andsocial well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity,and recognizes the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard ofhealth as one of the fundamental rights of every human noise is a threat to public health, having negativeimpacts on human health and well-being.