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!ONA

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Robert L. Benson. 2 5. KGB and GRU messages from Europe, South America, and Australia 6. Messages inadvertently left out of the previous five updates ... Arlington Hall before the war (This postcard was used by army recruiters.) 3 that had been sent from Moscow to certain of its diplomatic missions and from those missions to Moscow. During the ...

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Transcription of !ONA

1 The Venona StoryYEl\!ONA ::n :i~;::ot(l":nce w1~" ~"1:' --1 ::' " " "'" 4 ClJ :~ .,..c ~c .:.~>. :.::..nc ..,.., u! :..1 ..,,.., c o v .. ~-,,a,,.r~: l' ,~R!S't' -?:::1::.1;.1 , ;:ri -A1' ;,; :L=..~3 -L!J1vt, . \.V. -i:~..tl:lll .. ':'? .:.:. f/.t; -K~lv.:.J. ;..;:::;.. r_,; . ). 1~n,.;>:.;t.' :c~ .:i;.c; :.~; .t::..i. -f EJISl:.JC), .'Jl"!!Nl>.'i -:!! !XI. ~ " -? '.0\'!x:., ~?:.-"""-. -"lr-i=-f> <::;, ~:: 111tL:x:. :x;i:1.. !irah !, ::or::-:t"." ! :;"t f,. ,!. ;..::. 1.. :; " .. ~:~ ~ .. lQo.:'~411 IC\ tiv ':'"O'll.'.' .. ,-. \ .. - ~ " = c-: ~~~. As> <::-.:; ~ .. :~c~~r;;~::Q ~~~~::i:n~ '1.:i~~1~::;7 "~~ ~"~':~~~! .. ~~c~ to.""1. 1> -?I~(X71:.J, . 1'1 -A! ~lxr-a,, UiiG;,.t,$ -:J:.S x:.;c). ~;Jo,ri'M;IO -lQl"l'I!,:;' (:a), U <; ;> 1;.."l:rc-:overc<tlt' -~l'.ixxcl. l'i :IA. i\.~txxli), tl:1>''1m -n~i:ft> <Hl). All <:.'lo$c eove-~""e' &:e <7 Cllo:l'"''-c"-l :r f. oc po:..nt ot Ttll'" et ceteo~i.

2 :le. ;> c::::i:1:::-;. '.:oi-f'l ,,.,.. -:.:.::..-::ll :ou,,, :!1:rJ. ! ( :1otu: 1aJ ~J~~~ ~~ .. ~~ ~c :i~~r.,~1~;. tiS:-:::!.:~~o~~ '~:~~"" ~C al\ 1.:IG~,.,.,.i;-t -,.+,.,.,.,,.,,..,.,t.!~J :;,.., :U!:W 'tC.~.K ~ .10 1403 c: :; 1"..>QW \"% 1 'iO v:: >.t. c;.._.,. 1>.:i1<. :-1-:-1:~. u.:1 AAVA!.t!U~T -9bt: Le. - Wh!. '.WIN -ui;:x. :;.,.= .. J Oli:'l.')-U:e~ <:tl J(' "l' ':flV. (!.ilf !>.llC:O -AllllMWt L,c, VRllQ$.11 -Althl'll'.D, ..,,_i.<lu.!. , fiv) s.:u::. ,-::;" : 1 .. ~Ct -L:e:E, mi ,.,_,.,..:I. !V) ,\il\.l\H -<:!~J\I C . lill?Jl>I -CZ C11, i<:k !:WI::.: . ! ,;.) t" 'l'Al r~'l.:w: i .. :~ ' -N"~~. k :i:ntrn~r.:. ~.,i) AIDA" Jl;;IO: l' .. ~l!ltt ':"~"'*"''-'!. 'll>. { ) :t :r.:>Wv ~WA: ii. CSL>~1 -3~K. ,..,i<).._,,_;! i .. :?. 91.( J :.!l repe~.': 0. f.$ -:_;13, -:::ere.,.,.,., otl ..r '"!" 'l<:C o: h ?P .<.) ~ .SU\3: .. !Ji.~ -S!?.3, ~ """ """"' 1;..,,~:1-!;~:; t.}

3 ;~~;;;;;e: ~~r_:=;::-i .~0~~\~"';~~:,' )~~~t 0if 'f j!~l ~ :Jt~~: :~1~~.~; _:;~F~~~::::: ::~:0:~~1 .. -.,.u~ " t"lml'"'rir.\.. j " ,.,.. """''~ -1 ~?~~).--This publication is distributed FREE by theNational Security Agency. If you would likeadditional copies, please submit your request to:Center for Cryptologic HistoryNational Security Agency9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6886 COVERPHOTOSC lockwise from top left: Carter Clarke, RobertLamphere, Gene Grabeel, Meredith Gardner, CecilPhillips, Kim Philby, Klaus Fuchs, Elizabeth Bentley,Alger Hiss, Julius RosenbergPublished by the Center for Cryptologic History,1 IntroductionOn 1 February 1943 the Army s Signal Intelligence Service,a forerunner of the National Security Agency, began a small, verysecret program, later codenamed VENONA. The original object ofthe VENONA program was to examine, and possibly exploit,encrypted Soviet diplomatic communications.

4 These messages hadbeen accumulated by the Signal Intelligence Service (later renamedthe Army Signal Security Agency and commonly called Arlington hall after the Virginia location of its headquarters)since 1939 but had not been studied previously. American analystsdiscovered that these Soviet communications dealt with not onlydiplomatic subjects but also espionage public releases of VENONA translations and relateddocuments have been made. These releases covered the followingtopics and are all discussed in this Soviet atomic bomb espionage2. New York KGB messages of 1942 and 19433. New York and Washington KGB messages of 1944 and 19454. San Francisco and Mexico City KGB messages; GRU NewYork and Washington messages; Washington Naval GRUmessagesThe release of VENONA translations involved carefulconsideration of the privacy interests of individualsmentioned, referenced, or identified in the names have not been released when to do so wouldconstitute an invasion of VENONA STORYR obert L.

5 Benson25. KGB and GRU messages from Europe, South America, andAustralia6. Messages inadvertently left out of the previous five updatesof previously issued translations. Updates some translations byrestoring names that had been protected for privacy reasons in theoriginal Signal Intelligence Service recruited dozens of languageteachers and professors from across the United States after theJapanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Miss Gene Grabeel, a youngSignal Intelligence Service employee who had been a schoolteacheronly weeks earlier, started the project on 1 February Gardner, a language instructor at the University ofAkron, who spoke numerous languages, worked on the Japaneseand German problems during World War II and met with greatacclaim. As the war ended, Gardner joined the VENONA effort andspent the next twenty-seven years on the project. As the principaltranslator and analyst on the VENONA program, he wrote a seriesof eleven special reports during 1947 and accumulated VENONA message traffic comprised anunsorted collection of thousands of Soviet diplomatic telegramsArlington hall before the war (This postcard was used by army recruiters.)

6 3that had been sent from Moscow to certain of its diplomaticmissions and from those missions to Moscow. During the firstmonths of the project, Arlington hall analysts sorted the traffic bydiplomatic mission and by cryptographic system or analysis indicated that five cryptographic systems, laterdetermined to be employed by different subscribers, were in usebetween Moscow and a number of Soviet overseas missions. It alsobecame apparent that one system involved trade matters,especially Lend-Lease. The other four systems appeared to involvethe Soviet Foreign Ministry in Moscow in communication with itsmissions analysis showed that each one of the five systems wasused exclusively by one of the following subscribers (listed indescending order according to the volume of message traffic whichhad been collected):1. trade representatives Lend-Lease, AMTORG, and theSoviet Government Purchasing Commission2.

7 Diplomats , members of the diplomatic corps in theconduct of legitimate Soviet embassy and consular business3. KGB the Soviet espionage agency, headquarters in Moscowand residencies (stations) abroad4. GRU the Soviet Army General Staff IntelligenceDirectorate and attach s abroad5. GRU-Naval Soviet Naval Intelligence StaffPublic Release of Translated VENONA MaterialsThe first public release of translated VENONA materials,signals intelligence which had provided an insight into thealarming and hitherto unappreciated breadth and depth of Sovietespionage activities within the United States, was in July release was a compilation of forty-nine VENONA translationswhich related to Soviet espionage efforts against atomic bombresearch, including messages about the Rosenbergs and theManhattan second release was of KGB messages between the NewYork KGB residency and Moscow Center during third release comprised many more documents than eitherthe first or second release more than 500 translations andincluded all the decrypted and translated messages between theNew York and Washington KGB residencies and Moscow Center(minus the atomic bomb-related messages previously released inJuly 1995).

8 The fourth release was larger some 850 message translations and involved the KGB in San Francisco and Mexico City and theGRU in New York and Washington. This completed the release (and Mexico) Soviet espionage message fifth release contained translations of KGB, GRU, andNaval GRU messages to and from locations in Europe, LatinAmerica, and Australia, as well as some messages ofnonintelligence organizations: the Soviet Foreign Ministry and theTrade Ministry. The great majority of releases in this releaseinvolved the Soviet intelligence services. This was the final, andlargest, release of VENONA translations well over 1, sixth release of VENONA translations and relateddocuments included the translations of KGB messagesinadvertently left out of the previous five. It also updated sometranslations by restoring names that had been protected for privacyreasons in the original material can be reviewed at the National CryptologicMuseum library and is also available publicly on the World Wide5 Web ( :8080/), and at the Library of Congress,at state archives, and at university libraries around the , the media, and the public now have all the approximately3,000 VENONA British Government Communications Headquarters(GCHQ), NSA s counterpart, has released to the Public RecordOffice the MASK message traffic thousands of secretCOMINTERN messages between various capital cities andMoscow from 1934 to 1937, which give a wealth of detail aboutMoscow s control of the various national Communist parties(including the American Communist Party).

9 GCHQ has alsoreleased ISCOT messages. ISCOT was the codename for the Britishprogram to intercept and decrypt clandestine radio messagesbetween Moscow and COMINTERN (Communist International)outstations in German-occupied Europe and in China from 1943 to1945. The National Cryptologic Museum library holds a completeset of both the MASK and ISCOT Shutdown of the Venona ProgramNSA is often asked why the VENONA program ran so long(1943 to 1980), given the fixed set of material that was beingworked. The answer is that NSA s customers FBI, CIA, and theappropriate United Kingdom and Allied services asked that theprogram be continued as investigative leads were still being run,and there was hope that unidentified covernames could beidentified. In 1977 William P. Crowell, then the acting chief ofthe NSA division that housed the remaining VENONA group,1decided that the program should end in about two years.

10 Thegroup working on VENONA surveyed customers and evaluated thelikelihood of finding further matches in the traffic. In 1978 NSAdecided to end the program by 1 October September 1978 David Blee, head of the CIAC ounterintelligence Staff, invited NSA, FBI, and Alliedrepresentatives to form a committee to evaluate the potential for 6the VENONA effort during the next two years. Howard W. (Bill)Kulp and Mildred Hayes, heads of the VENONA unit in the lateryears, represented the last phase of VENONA (1978 to 1980), NSA issuedthirty-nine first-time translations of KGB and GRU messages andreissued eight others. Some of these first-time translations werequite significant, though mainly for counterintelligence researchpurposes. In January 1980 Bill Kulp prepared a final technical andcounterintelligence evaluation of the VENONA program and itsprospects. The report concluded that the program should end asscheduled because of the age of the material being worked, thedifficulty in conducting investigations and locating collateralmaterial, and the fact that the most important material had beenexhaustively analyzed.


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