PERFECT NUMBERS: AN ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION
2 5(1+2+···+2 ) = 32·63 are missing from this sequence. As Euclid pointed out, this is because 15 = 3·5 and 63 = 32 ·7 are both composite, whereas the numbers 3, 7, 31, 127 are all prime. As it appears in Book IX, proposition 36 of his Elements, Euclid writes: “If as many numbers as we please beginning from an unit be set out ...
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