Polymers and Plastics - web.gccaz.edu

1 4/20/2015 1 CHM107 Chapter 9 Plastics and Polymers Your Assignment Due in one week (counts as a quiz) Go online and look up your City website (City of Glendale, Phoenix, etc) Find their recycling program, may be under waste management, trash removal, sustainability, or recycling. Make a detailed list of what your city recycles: what Plastics , paper, metals, glass, cardboard, newspapers, etc. Find our where you can recycle ewaste: cell phones, TV s, monitors, computers, electronics, batteries. If not your city, then where? What locations take these hazardous items? Turn in the list written with the website source! Plastic is the general name for materials made from Polymers Relatively low cost Versatile Impervious to water Can be shaped into virtually anything Insulators Most non-biodegradable Burning can release toxic fumes Recycling expensive because sorting can t be automated, so labor intensive Where do Polymers come from?

2 (Fossil Fuel; Petroleum) ~3% is reserved as a chemical feedstock for polymer manufacturing polymer : Large molecules consisting of a long chain of atoms covalently bonded together (nonmetals) Monomer: The small molecules used to synthesize the polymer chain the repeating unit polymer Reactions Polymerization combining many small monomers into a covalently bonded chain, a catalyst is needed to start the chain forming process Addition all the monomer gets used in the polymer , the monomer adds up, only one product = the polymer Condensation a small molecule is a byproduct of the reaction,like H2O or HCl, so two products = the polymer and the byproduct How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond? Let s find out. 4/20/2015 2 Covalent or Ionic?

3 NaCl H2O NH3 KF CO2 HCl MgO N2O Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic covalent Ionic bonds are between metals and nonmetals Covalent bonds are between nonmetals and other nonmetals So who can define ionic and covalent bonds now? Naming Covalent Compounds Review Covalent compounds use the prefixes Never start with mono- Examples CO2 is what? SO3 is ? P2O6 is ? NH3 is ? Naming simple ionic compounds - New We will learn to name ionic compounds that are binary and contain a metal from column 1 or 2 with a nonmetal. Example NaCl is sodium chloride You write the metal s name first, then the nonmetal s name and replace the ending with the suffix ide Another example CaF2 is calcium flouride Name these! Use your periodic table to name the following MgO K2S LiBr NaI CaCl2 K3N Now back to Polymers and Plastics Given these monomers predict the structure of the polymer Ethylene Vinyl chloride propylene styrene Quick Review Are the bonds in these Polymers ionic or covalent?

4 How many electrons are in a double bond? How many electrons are in a single bond? Notice the monomers have double bonds, but do the Polymers have double bonds? 4/20/2015 3 Scroll down and watch some quick animations about polymer formation Now let s examine the big 6 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Soft drink bottles, food packaging Space blankets, Mylar, x-ray film Recycled bottles make fleece, T shirts, and carpet fibers Transparent, strong Monomers are terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, polymer is a polyester Condensation reaction loses 2 water molecules Polyethylene (PE) Most used plastic 80 million tons made per year Plastic shopping bags PE is a hydrocarbon High density (HDPE) has little branching: milk jugs, detergent/shampoo bottles, butter tubs Low density (LDPE) has much branching.

5 Plastic bags, film wrap, bubble wrap, translucent, flexible HD vs LD Polyethylene Low vs High Density LDPE Produce plastic bags Stretchy Transparent Not real strong Many side branches Irregular tangle HDPE More rigid Stronger Higher melting point Opaque Linear chains More ordered structure Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 3rd most produced plastic Hoses, sewer pipes, IV tubing Clothing, shower curtains, patent leather shoes Vinyl siding, credit cards Soft baby toys, adult sex toys California may ban it Burning PVC may release dioxin 4/20/2015 4 Polypropylene (PP) Ropes, thermal underwear, carpets, flip top bottle lids, chairs, diapers (baby and adult) luggage Rubbermaid and Sterilite containers Opaque, very tough Polystyrene (PS) 2 forms: rigid and brittle or Styrofoam CD and DVD cases Packaging materials, egg cartons, packing peanuts Disposable razors, plastic champagne glasses Can you name the Big 6 from their abbreviations?

6 Which of the Big 6 are hydrocarbons? PET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS are hydrocarbons Let s look at some of the other Plastics that are not recyclable #1-6 Polyamide (PA) or Nylon Meant to provide an alternative to silk Toothbrushes, Stockings Rope, Parachutes, Carpet Fishing line Produced by a condensation reaction, water is the byproduct Monomers are adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine 4/20/2015 5 Lycra or Spandex It is a polyurethane-polyurea copolymer that was invented in 1959 Used in athletic and exercise clothing, swimsuits, wetsuits, socks, underwear, unitards, disco jeans Van Halen s Usually mixed with other fibers like cotton or polyester Kevlar High strength material Rope, cable Racing canoes Bicycles tires Body armor, helmets, bullet proof vests Produced in a condensation reaction (means that a small molecule is a byproduct)

7 With HCl as byproduct Synthesis of Kevlar Kevlar Vest Retail Store ..and there s our no fuss guarantee if it doesn t work bring it back and we ll refund your money. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Teflon Non-stick coating Accidentally invented in 1938 while trying to make a new CFC Hydrophobic (scared of water) Deteriorates above 500oF Degradation products lethal to birds, causes flu-like symptoms in humans 4/20/2015 6 Polyesters Category of many Polymers , the most known is PET Various names: Dacron, Polartec, Polarguard Many uses in fabrics clothes, blankets, upholstery, sheets, cushions, pillows, comforters (often used in blends) Wrinkle resistant, wind resistant Toxicity of Plastics Low toxicity as long as they don t break down Some of the additives (phthalates) are toxic and can leach out in food containers EU has banned some types of PVC, and has permanently banned phthalates in toys In 2009 the US banned some phthalates Sometimes the monomer is toxic and some unreacted monomer may be present World Health Org has declared the PVC monomer to be carcinogenic Back to LDPE vs HDPE: What is density anyway?

8 ?? Density is a ratio of mass over volume d = mLgrams volumemassSome density values air is g/mL iron is g/mL Water is g/mL Density of the States of Matter Which state has the highest density? What about the lowest? Solid gas What is the density of mercury if mL weighs 109 grams? d = 109 grams / mL = g/mL What is the density of lead if mL weighs 109 grams? d = 109 grams / mL = g/mL Notice that density is NOT the same as weight. Both weighed 109 grams, but they had different volumes. Try to explain density in your own words. Sink or Float? Water s density is g/mL PET is g/mL HDPE is g/mL PP is g/mL PVC is g/mL Sink Float Float Sink WHY??? 4/20/2015 7 OOOOOOHOHOClNHOH2 NCl OHSHO rganic Functional Groups acid halide ketone alkene aldehyde amide ether alcohol amine ester alkyne carboxylic acid alkane alkyl halide (alkyl chloride) aromatics Municipal Solid Waste We throw away pounds per person per day in the US We recycle about of those pounds But total plastic recycling dropped from 53% in 1994 to only 19% in 2003.

9 Why may be due to drastic increase in bottled water. In the last decade PET and HDPE recycling is up due to curbside bins. Which recycle numbers are these Plastics ? Plastic comes from oil so less recycling means more drilling. We are recycling more pounds of Plastics , but that is largely due to more Plastics being produced. Plastic recycling Plastic not recycled goes to landfill or incinerator, neither is good. Problem with landfill Plastics is they are not biodegradable Problem with incineration is that CO2 is produced. PCV releases HCl which can make acid rain. But if carefully monitored, it can create a lot of energy. Caps from PET bottles are made of PP (#5) We must do a better job recycling Plastics Bottle Bills Can bottle bills help?

10 (consumers pay a deposit on bottles that is refunded on return) Oregon since 1970 Ten more states have bottle bills 8 more considering such laws Many countries also have bottle bills Stop the problem in the first place Here is a bold idea stop buying plastic water bottles and buy a reusable bottle and refill it!!! EPA recommends reduction first, recycling second, and incineration third as solutions to our waste management problems. Nalgene is a plastic. Hate seeing plastic bags on the road, in your yard, everywhere? Another way to stop the problem use your own shopping bags. Anyone do this??? 4/20/2015 8 1997 Recycling Rates Municipal Solid Waste Recycling What we recycle in 2000 What we recycle in 2007 Recycling check out what Plastics are recycled in each city, also some do glass and some don t Glendale: Peoria: Phoenix: Tempe.