Pump - Saylor Academy

1 Pump1 PumpA small, electrically powered pumpA large, electrically driven pump (electropump)for waterworks near the Hengsteysee, pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumpsfall into three major groups: direct lift, displacement, and gravitypumps.[1] Their names describe the method for moving a displacement pumpsA lobe pumpA positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by trapping afixed amount of it then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume intothe discharge positive displacement pump has an expanding cavity on the suctionside and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side.

2 Liquid flows intothe pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flowsout of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constantgiven each cycle of positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid: Rotary-type, internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, helicaltwisted roots ( the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid ring vacuum of a scroll pumpPositive displacement rotary pumps are pumps that move fluid using theprinciples of rotation. The vacuum created by the rotation of the pumpcaptures and draws in the liquid. Rotary pumps are very efficient becausethey naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleedthe air from the lines displacement rotary pumps also have their weaknesses.

3 Becauseof the nature of the pump, the clearance between the rotating pump andthe outer edge must be very close, requiring that the pumps rotate at aslow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, thefluids will cause erosion. Rotary pumps that experience such erosioneventually show signs of enlarged clearances, which allow liquid to slipthrough and detract from the efficiency of the displacement rotary pumps can be grouped into three main types. Gear pumps are the simplest type of rotarypumps, consisting of two gears laid out side-by-side with their teeth enmeshed. The gears turn away from each other,creating a current that traps fluid between the teeth on the gears and the outer casing, eventually releasing the fluidon the discharge side of the pump as the teeth mesh and go around again.

4 Many small teeth maintain a constant flowof fluid, while fewer, larger teeth create a tendency for the pump to discharge fluids in short, pulsing pumps are a more complicated type of rotary pumps , featuring two or three screws with opposing thread -that is, one screw turns clockwise, and the other counterclockwise. The screws are each mounted on shafts that runparallel to each other; the shafts also have gears on them that mesh with each other in order to turn the shaftstogether and keep everything in place. The turning of the screws, and consequently the shafts to which they aremounted, draws the fluid through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps , the clearance between movingparts and the pump's casing is vane pumps are the third type of rotary pumps , consisting of a cylindrical rotor encased in a similarly shapedhousing.

5 As the rotor turns, the vanes trap fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through thepump. Reciprocating-type, for example, piston or diaphragm displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the dischargeside. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the dischargeas the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of positive displacement pumps can be divided into two main classes reciprocating rotaryThe positive displacement principle applies whether the pump is a rotary lobe pump Progressive cavity pump rotary gear pump piston pump diaphragm pump screw pump gear pump Hydraulic pump vane pump regenerative (peripheral) pumpPump3 peristaltic pumpPositive displacement pumps , unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps , will produce the same flow at a given speed(RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure.

6 Positive displacement pumps are "constant flow machines"A positive displacement pump must not be operated against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump becauseit has no shut-off head like centrifugal pumps . A positive displacement pump operating against a closed dischargevalve, will continue to produce flow until the pressure in the discharge line are increased until the line bursts or thepump is severely damaged - or relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore necessary. The reliefvalve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safetyvalves. The internal valve should in general only be used as a safety precaution, an external relief valve installed inthe discharge line with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank is pumpsTypical reciprocating pumps are plunger pumps diaphragm pumpsA plunger pump consists of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger in it.

7 The suction and discharge valves aremounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causingsuction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge only one cylinder the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middlepositions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid isaccelerated in the piping system. Vibration and "water hammer" may be a serious problem. In general the problemsare compensated for by using two or more cylinders not working in phase with each diaphragm pumps , the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumpingcylinder.

8 Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic example of the piston displacement pump is the common hand soap pumpThis uses two meshed gears rotating in a closely fitted casing. Fluid is pumped around the outer periphery by beingtrapped in the tooth spaces. It does not travel back on the meshed part, since the teeth mesh closely in the used on car engine oil pumps . it is also used in various hydraulic power cavity pumpWidely used for pumping difficult materials such as sewage sludge contaminated with large particles, this pumpconsists of a helical shaped rotor, about ten times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central core ofdiameter x, with typically a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x, although of course in reality it is madefrom one casting.

9 This shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness typically x also. As the shaftrotates, fluid is gradually forced up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at quite pumpsThe low pulsation rate and gentle performance of this Roots-type positive displacement pump is achieved due to acombination of its two 90 helical twisted rotors, and a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the pointof suction and at the point of discharge. This design produces a continuous and non-vorticuless flow with equalvolume. High capacity industrial "air compressors" have been designed to employ this principle, as well as most"superchargers" used on internal combustion engines, and even a brand of civil defense siren, the Federal SignalCorporation's pumpA peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids.

10 The fluid iscontained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have beenmade). A rotor with a number of "rollers", "shoes" or "wipers" attached to the external circumference compresses theflexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or "occludes") thus forcing the fluidto be pumped to move through the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of thecam ("restitution") fluid flow is induced to the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biologicalsystems such as the gastrointestinal pumpsHand-operated, reciprocating, positivedisplacement, water pump in Ko ice- ahanovce,Slovakia (walking beam pump).