SPANISH GRAMMAR Libro digital Herramientas de español ...

1 SPANISH GRAMMAR Online. Writtten by Enrique Yepes, Bowdoin SPANISH GRAMMAR . Libro digital Herramientas de espa ol Online Advanced SPANISH Book A concise outline of essential GRAMMAR structures based on John Turner's All the SPANISH GRAMMAR You Really Need to Know Introducci n 23. Relative Pronouns Repaso n mero nueve Los pa ses hisp nicos y sus capitales (que, cuyo, lo cual, lo que) 44. Forms of the Present Subjunctive 1. Consonants / Consonantes 24. Possessives / Posesivos 45. Commands / Mandatos 2. Vowels / Vocales Repaso n mero cuatro Other exhortations 3. Stress and written accent / Acentos 25. Uses of ser and estar 46. Present Subjunctive in Noun Clauses 4.

2 Use of capital letters / May sculas 26. Past Participle / El participio (influence, emotion, doubt, denial). 5. Subject Pronouns and Present Tense 27. Gerund and Infinitive / Gerundio e infinitivo Repaso n mero diez 6. Gender of Nouns / G nero Repaso n mero cinco 47. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses 28. The Preterite Tense / El pret rito (unknown person or thing). 7. Plural Forms / Plural 29. N meros de 100 en adelante 48. The Past Subjunctive 8. The Indefinite Article / Art culo indeterminado 30. Dates, Seasons, Weather 49. Pero vs. Sino 9. The Definite Article / Art culo determinado 31. Both, All, Every Repaso n mero once 10. Negation / Negaci n Repaso n mero seis 50.

3 Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses Repaso n mero uno (conjunctions such as cuando, aunque, 11. Adjectives / Adjetivos 32. The Imperfect / El imperfecto antes de que, sin que). Expressing "the green one", and "Cofee cup" 33. Imperfect and Preterite Contrasted Repaso n mero doce 12. Questions / Preguntas 34. Hace with time expressions 51. Future and Conditional Qu vs. Cu l 35. Ordinal numbers / N meros ordinales 52. If Clauses / Frases con 'si'. 13. N meros: 0 100 Repaso n mero siete Repaso n mero trece 14. Time of Day / La hora 36. Comparison / Comparaciones 53. Compound Tenses with haber 15. Common Expressions with tener Expressions such as the more, most 54.

4 Expressing Present Attitudes about the Past Repaso n mero dos 37. Pronouns After a Preposition 55. Reported Speech (Pluperfect). 16. Adverbs / Adverbios 38. Object Pronouns Formation from Adjectives 56. Todav a, a n, ya (no). 39. Gustar and Similar Verbs 17. Negative and Indefinite Words Repaso n mero catorce Repaso n mero ocho (nunca, nada, nadie, ning n, alg n, cualquier, ni). 40. Reflexive Pronouns and verbs Appendix A: Stem Changing Verbs ending in ir 18. Stem changing Verbs Become: hacerse, ponerse, Appendix B: Summary of the Subjunctive 19. Demonstratives / Demostrativos The use of reflexive for possession Appendix C: Verbs Used Reflexively Repaso n mero tres 41.

5 Passive Voice / Voz pasiva Appendix D: Prepositions following verbs 20. Future with ir a (with ser and with se). 21. Personal 'a' / La 'a' personal Appendix E: Definition of GRAMMAR Terms 42. Obligation: Se debe, hay 22. Conocer vs. Saber (To know) Appendix F: Transitional Phrases . 43. Por vs. Para SPANISH Tools GRAMMAR Online Book / Libro digital " Herramientas de espa ol" is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works United States License. May, 2008. Limitations apply. See Copyright and Terms of Use. Bowdoin College Brunswick, Maine 04011 207-725-3000. Libro digital Herramientas de espa ol SPANISH Tools Online GRAMMAR Book A concise outline of essential GRAMMAR structures based on John Turner's All the SPANISH GRAMMAR You Really Need to Know INTRODUCTION INTRODUCCI N.

6 USING THESE SPANISH GRAMMAR TOOLS EL USO DE ESTAS Herramientas DE ESPA OL. This text is intended for students who are familiar Este texto est destinado a estudiantes que ya with most of the basic SPANISH GRAMMAR , and who conocen la mayor parte de la gram tica b sica del are ready to take their knowledge and comfort espa ol, y que se preparan para dar un paso level one step further. Its aim is to meet your adelante en su comodidad con el idioma. La meta es basic needs for advanced work as concisely and responder a sus necesidades b sicas hacia el nivel thoroughly as possible. Each section presents a avanzado lo m s concisa y exhaustivamente posible.

7 Specific aspect of the use of the language, and Cada secci n presenta un aspecto espec fico en el then offers a brief practice so that you can verify uso del idioma, y luego ofrece una pr ctica breve your understanding of the material and feel more para que usted pueda verificar su comprensi n del confident to use it. The Reviews, on the other material y aumentar su confianza al usarlo. Los hand, challenge you to put together the contents Repasos, por su parte, le exigir n integrar el of previous sections, allowing you to get the contenido de secciones previas, para permitirle details under control and promoting a more controlar los detalles y promover mayor precisi n y precise awareness of the way SPANISH works.

8 Lucidez sobre el funcionamiento del espa ol. A second goal for these tools is to serve as a Un segundo objetivo es que estas Herramientas reference work as you write. The table of contents sirvan de referencia al escribir. La tabla de provides you with a checklist to edit your writing, contenido funciona como lista de verificaci n y los and the diagrams can be used for a quick review. esquemas sirven para un repaso r pido. Las listas y The lists and summaries in the appendices can res menes de los ap ndices pueden tambi n ser de prove useful, too. utilidad. Many of the explanations and most of the Muchas explicaciones y el grueso de la organizaci n organization of materials in this text come from de este material provienen del m dulo All the John Turner's All the SPANISH GRAMMAR You Really SPANISH GRAMMAR You Really Need to Know, del Need to Know course package.

9 A special word of profesor John Turner, cuyo estilo claro y efectivo gratitude to Professor Turner for his clear, merece especial reconocimiento. effective style. Written by Enrique Yepes Libro digital Herramientas de espa ol SPANISH Tools Online GRAMMAR Book 1. Consonants / Las consonantes SPANISH spelling is pretty consistent: most letters represent a single sound regardless of their position in a word. Note the following peculiarities: H la hache is never pronounced. Thus, words like Honduras, ahora and alcohol have no aspiration before the /o/ sound. CH la che is always pronounced as in "cheers": coche, ocho. La hache is not combined with any other consonants: there is no th, sh, ph, gh, etc.

10 (English "ph" may translate to "f": filosof a, Filadelfia, fantasma). C la ce is pronounced /k/ (as in "case") in most positions: caso, cosa, cuota, frecuente, crisis. Before e, i, it is pronounced /s/ (as in "sin") in America or /th/ (as in "thin") in Spain: cielo, acento. The /k/ sound (as in "kiss"), is spelled "qu" (mute "u") before e, i: queso, quince. G la ge is pronounced /g/ (as in "go") in most positions: gala, gota, guante, globo. Before e, i, it is pronounced almost like /h/ (as in "hen"): general, gitano. The /g/ sound (as in "get"), is spelled "gu" (mute "u") before e, i: guerra, guitarra. If the letter "u" is to be pronounced in a "gue/gui" combination, it is marked with a diaeresis (la di resis): ping ino, biling e, nicarag ense.