Systems Analysis and Design

1 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 1 Systems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and Design3rd Edition3rd EditionAlan Dennis, Barbara Haley Wixom, and Roberta RothJohn Wiley & Sons, by Candace S. Garrod Red Rocks Community CollegePowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 2 Requirements DeterminationRequirements DeterminationChapter 4 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 3 Key DefinitionsThe As-Is system is the currentsystem and may or may not becomputerizedThe To-Be system is the newsystem that is based on updatedrequirementsThe system Proposal is the keydeliverable from the Analysis PhasePowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

2 A ll rights reserv - 4 Key IdeasThe goal of the Analysis phase is to trulyunderstand the requirements of the newsystem and develop a system that addressesthem -- or decide a new system isn t system Proposal is presented to theapproval committee via a system Analysis incorporates initial determination is the single mostcritical step of the entire Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 5 REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTSDETERMINATIONDET ERMINATIONP owerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 6A statement of what the system must doA statement of characteristics thesystem must haveFocus is on business user needs duringanalysis phaseRequirements will change over time asproject moves from Analysis to Design toimplementationWhat is a Requirement?

3 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 7 Functional RequirementsA process the system has to performInformation the system must containNonfunctional RequirementsBehavioral properties the system must haveOperationalPerformanceSecurityCultur al and politicalRequirement TypesPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 8 Requirements definition reportText document listing requirements inoutline formPriorities may be includedKey purpose is to define theproject scope: what is and is not tobe RequirementsPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 9 Determining RequirementsParticipation by business users isessentialThree techniques help usersdiscover their needs for the newsystem:Business Process Automation (BPA)Business Process Improvement (BPI)Business Process Reengineering (BPR)PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

4 A ll rights reserv - 10 Basic Process of Analysis (Determining Requirements)Understand the As-Is systemIdentify improvement opportunitiesDevelop the To-Be system conceptTechniques vary in amount of changeBPA small changeBPI moderate changeBPR significant changeAdditional information gatheringtechniques are needed as wellPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 11 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSISREQUIREMENTS ANALYSISTECHNIQUESTECHNIQUESP owerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 12 Business Process AutomationGoal:Efficiency for usersPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

5 A ll rights reserv - 13 Identifying Improvements in As-IsSystemsProblem AnalysisAsk users to identify problems and solutionsImprovements tend to be small andincrementalRarely finds improvements with significantbusiness valueRoot Cause AnalysisChallenge assumptions about why problemexistsTrace symptoms to their causes to discoverthe real problemPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 14 Root Cause Analysis ExamplePowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 15 Business Process ImprovementGoal:Efficiencyandeffectivene ssfor usersPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

6 A ll rights reserv - 16 Duration AnalysisCalculate time needed for each process stepCalculate time needed for overall processCompare the two a large difference indicatesa badly fragmented processPotential solutions:Process integration change the process to usefewer people, each with broader responsibilitiesParallelization change the process so thatindividual step are performed simultaneouslyPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 17 Activity-Based CostingCalculate cost of each process stepConsider both direct and indirectcostsIdentify most costly steps and focusimprovement efforts on themPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 18 BenchmarkingStudying how other organizationsperform the same business processInformal benchmarkingCommon for customer-facing processesInteract with otherbusiness processes as ifyou are a customerPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

7 A ll rights reserv - 19 Business Process Reengineering(BRP)Goal:Radicalredesign ofbusinessprocessesPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 20 Outcome AnalysisConsider desirable outcomes fromcustomers perspectiveConsider what the organizationcould enable the customer to doPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 21 Technology AnalysisAnalysts list important andinteresting technologiesManagers list important andinteresting technologiesThe group identifies how eachmight be applied to the businessand how the business might benefitPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

8 A ll rights reserv - 22 Activity EliminationIdentify what would happen if eachorganizational activity wereeliminatedUse force-fit to test all possibilitiesPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 23 Your TurnHow do you know whether to usebusiness process automation,business process improvement, orbusiness process reengineering?Provide two Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 24 Comparing Analysis TechniquesPotential business valueProject costBreadth of analysisRiskPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 25 Project CharacteristicsPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

9 A ll rights reserv - 26 REQUIREMENTS-GATHERINGREQUIREMENTS-GATHE RINGTECHNIQUESTECHNIQUESP owerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 27 InterviewsMost commonly used techniqueBasic steps:Selecting IntervieweesDesigning Interview QuestionsPreparing for the InterviewConducting the InterviewPost-Interview Follow-upPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 28 Selecting IntervieweesBased on information needsBest to get different perspectivesManagersUsersIdeally, all key stakeholdersKeep organizational politics in mindPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 29 Three Types of QuestionsPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.

10 A ll rights reserv - 30 designing Interview QuestionsUnstructured interview useful earlyin information gatheringGoal is broad, roughly definedinformationStructured interview useful later inprocessGoal is very specific informationPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 31 Top-Down and Bottom-upQuestioning StrategiesPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv - 32 Preparing for the InterviewPrepare general interview planList of questionAnticipated answers and follow-upsConfirm areas of knowledgeSet priorities in case of time shortagePrepare the intervieweeScheduleInform of reason for interviewInform of areas of discussionPowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design , 3rd EditionC opy right 2006 John W iley & Sons, Inc.