TACIT VS. EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE – THE CURRENT …

1 &') TACIT VS. EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE THE CURRENT APPROACHES TO KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Anthony Olomolaiye and Charles Egbu E?GG: GF H?= ; :H 9@I 9H;<9: @ <G@8=@H, :9>DGK 9:=IG@ 9@ @ =<> HJ, # , $ 9 : 9 G:G8G:9 J=CDE9: 9E ;A Abstract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

2 = @H< @> E 8=9@ @D GF A@GK:=ID= ? > B9B=<, L9>=I G@ 9@ G@$DG @D IGEHG<9: KG<A, H9A=> 9 I E?GHG8G;> =K GF A@GK:=ID= 9> = H?=< =2B: E H G< H9E H 9@I 9<D;=> H?9H H?= 89@9D=8=@H GF H9E H A@GK:=ID=, >G F9< @=D:=EH=I @ H?= : H=<9H;<= G@ , > =<J 8BG<H9@H @ EG@F=<< @D EG8B=H H = 9I 9@H9D=> G@ G<D9@ >9H G@> > @D =8B < E9: <=>;:H> F<G8 H?= <=>=9<E?, H <= =9:> H?= 9I 9@H9D=> GF 89@9D @D H9E H A@GK:=ID= ?=>= L=@=F H> <9@D= F<G8 L=HH=< E;>HG8=< >=< E= HG B<= =@H G@ GF B<GM=EH B=< GI =>E9:9H G@ 9@I 8B<G =I KG<A89@>? B ? > B9B=< EG@E:;I=> H?9H L=?9 G;<9: 9BB<G9E? HG =@>;<=> H?9H =8B:GJ==>, K?G 9<= H?= >G;<E= GF G<D9@ >9H G@9: A@GK:=ID=, 9<= K=:: 8GH 9H=I HG DG H?= =2H<9 8 := @ B;<>; H GF G<D9@ >9H G@9: DG9:> Key words ;89@ =>G;<E= 9@9D=8=@H, @GK:=ID= 9@9D=8=@H, 9E H, 2B: E H, @GK:=ID= 1.

3 INTRODUCTION H? H?= 9I =@H GF A@GK:=ID= 89@9D=8=@H 4 5, I FF=<=@H 9BB<G9E?=> HGK9<I> H?= 89@9D=8=@H GF G<D9@ >9H G@9: A@GK:=ID= ?9 = >;<F9E=I ?=>= 9BB<G9E?=> E9@ L= D<G;B=I @HG HKG 89MG< E9H=DG< => 9> = H?=< H=E?@GE<9H E G< L=?9 G;<9: 4 9<:, ))(5 ?= H=E?@GE<9H E 9BB<G9E? HG B<GBG>=> 9 >J>H=8 >G:;H G@> K? := H?= L=?9 G;<9: 9BB<G9E? B<GBG>=> 9@ G<D9@ >9H G@9: I= =:GB8=@H 9@I H<9 @ @D >G:;H G@> ?=>= 9BB<G9E?=> 9<= L9>=I G@ H?= I E?GHG8G;> =K GF A@GK:=ID= 9> = H?=< H9E H G< =2B: E H ?= H=E?@GE<9H E 9BB<G9E? HG =K> A@GK:=ID= 9> =2B: E H, K? :>H H?= L=?9 G;<9: 9BB<G9E? =K> A@GK:=ID= 9> H9E H ;H H ?9> L==@ GL>=< =I H?9H A@GK:=ID= > G@= GF H?= 8G>H B=<B:=2 @D @GH G@> @ G;< GE9L;:9<J L=E9;>= H?= B<GL:=8> GF ;@I=<>H9@I @D K?

4 9H A@GK:=ID= > ?9 = L==@ H?= >;LM=EH GF DG<G;> B? :G>GB? E9: I=L9H= FG< 89@J H?G;>9@I> GF J=9<> 4 B=@I=<, !**!5 ;E? > ;@I=<>HGGI L;H 8;E? > >H :: ;@I=< I=L9H= =K=:: et al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lomolaiye and Egbu &&* 2. DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE H > = I=@H @ H?

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

6 = ?;89@ E9B9L : HJ GF 89A @D 8=9@ @D G;H GF @FG<89H G@ > I==8=I =<J 8BG<H9@H HG A@GK:=ID= 4 ::=<, )))5 @GK:=ID= > >==@ 9> ? D?:J EG@H=2H I=B=@I=@H 4 G@9A9, ))#5 @GK:=ID= ?9> @G 8=9@ @D G;H> I= GF 9 EG@H=2H, FG< =298B:= L:9EA ?9> @G 8=9@ @D 9B9<H F<G8 K? H= 4 =>B<=> 9@I ?9; =:, )))+ ::=<, )))5 ?= A@GK:=ID= B<GI;E=I LJ 9@ @I I;9: K :: 9<J F<G8 H?9H K? E? 9@GH?=< B=<>G@ K :: B<GI;E= F H?= EG@H=2H > @GH H?= >98= ?=<= 9<= I FF=<=@H HJB=> GF A@GK:=ID= I=B=@I @D G@ H?= EG8B:=2 HJ GF EGI F E9H G@ Types of KNOWLEDGE ?=<= >, @ F9EH, : HH:= 9D<==8=@H G@ 9 ;@ =<>9: E:9>> F E9H G@ GF H?= HJB=> GF A@GK:=ID= L;H K I= EG@>=@>;> 9LG;@I H?9H H?=J 9<= 8;:H B:= 9@I EG@>=O;=@H 9: 4 =>B<=> 9@I ?9; =:, !**!5 =@@ = 4 )))5 >==> A@GK:=ID= F<G8 F = I FF=<=@H B=<>B=EH => >;E?

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able 15 ?

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et al, !** 5 H E9@ L= GL>=< =I H?<G;D? 9EH G@ ? := H9E H A@GK:=ID= <=B<=>=@H D<=9H 9:;= HG H?

9 = G<D9@ >9H G@, LJ H > @9H;<=, H > F9< 8G<= I FF E;:H 9@I >G8=H 8=> 8BG>> L:= HG E9BH;<= 9@I I FF;>= 4 G;:GBG;:G> 9@I <9 BBG:G, )))+ G@9A9, ))#5 9 =@BG<H 9@I <;>9A 4 ))(5 >?GK H?= I FF E;:HJ 9>>GE 9H=I K H? capturing H9E H A@GK:=ID= @ H?= < =298B:= GF 9@ 9HH=8BH HG H<9@>F=< Tactic Vs. EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE && H?= >A :: GF H?= KG<:I L=>H 9=< 9: B?GHG 9@9:J>H @HG 9@ =2B=<H >J>H=8 LJ 9 EG8B;H=< >E =@H >H ?= =2B=<H >J>H=8 F9 :=I ;H H?= H 8= H?= EG8B;H=< >E =@H >H >B=@H K H? H?= =2B=<H H<J @D HG =2H<9EH 9@I ;@I=<>H9@I H?= =2B=<H > A@GK:=ID= >=< =I 9> 9@ 9BB<=@H E=>? B, HG H?= =2H=@H H?9H H?= EG8B;H=< >E =@H >H L=E98= H?= >=EG@I L=>H 9@9:J>=< GF 9=< 9: B?GHGD<9B?> @ H?= KG<:I 2B: E H A@GK:=ID=, G@ H?

10 = GH?=< ?9@I, > H?9H A@GK:=ID= H?9H E9@ L= 9<H E;:9H=I @ FG<89: :9@D;9D= 9@I =9> :J H<9@>8 HH=I 98G@D>H @I I;9: 4 G;:GBG;:G> 9@I <9 BBG:G, )))5 2B: E H A@GK:=ID= 8B: => F9EH;9: >H9H=8=@H> 9LG;H >;E? 89HH=<> 9> 89H=< 9: B<GB=<H =>, H=E?@ E9: @FG<89H G@ 9@I HGG: E?9<9EH=< >H E> 4 G>A @=@ et al, !** 5 ?;> =2B: E H A@GK:=ID= E9@ L= EG8B<=>>=I @HG 9 F=K >;889<J >J8LG:> H?9H E9@ L= =@EGI=I LJ :9@D;9D= @ K< HH=@ KG<I> 9@IRG< 89E? @= J H> =<J @9H;<=, =2B: E H A@GK:=ID= > E9B9L:= GF L= @D E9BH;<= 9@I K I=:J I >H< L;H=I H?<G;D?G;H H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ Table 1 9H=DG< => GF @GK:=ID= 4 I9BH=I F<G8 H=B?=@>, !**!5 TACIT KNOWLEDGE EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE =<>G@9: A@GK:=ID= =8L=II=I @ @I I;9: 9EH L9>=I, B;L: E:J 9 9 :9L:= 9@I L=JG@I I >B;H= 2B=< =@E= 9@I @ G: @D >;E?