TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview - IBM Redbooks

1 Tutorial and Technical OverviewLydia ParzialeDavid T. BrittChuck DavisJason ForresterWei LiuCarolyn MatthewsNicolas RosselotUnderstand networking fundamentals of the TCP/IP protocol suiteIntroduces advanced concepts and new technologiesIncludes the latest TCP/IP protocolsFront cover TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical OverviewDecember 2006 International Technical Support OrganizationGG24-3376-07 Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1989-2006. All rights to Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADPS chedule Contract with IBM Edition (December 2006)Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in Notices on page xvii. Copyright IBM Corp. 1989-2006. All rights .. xviiTrademarks .. xviiiPreface .. xixThe team that wrote this redbook .. xxBecome a published author .. xxiiComments welcome .. xxiiiPart 1. Core TCP/IP protocols .. 1 Chapter 1. Architecture, history, standards, and trends.

2 TCP/IP architectural model .. Internetworking .. The TCP/IP protocol layers .. TCP/IP applications.. The roots of the Internet .. ARPANET .. NSFNET .. Commercial use of the Internet .. Internet2 .. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model .. TCP/IP standards .. Request for Comments (RFC) .. Internet standards .. Future of the Internet .. Multimedia applications .. Commercial use .. The wireless Internet .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 27 Chapter 2. Network interfaces .. Ethernet and IEEE 802 local area networks (LANs) .. Gigabit Ethernet .. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).. Serial Line IP (SLIP) .. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) .. Point-to-point encapsulation .. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) .. 39 iv TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Frame relay .. Frame format.. Interconnect issues .. Data link layer parameter negotiation .. IP over frame relay.

3 PPP over SONET and SDH circuits .. Physical layer .. Multi-Path Channel+ (MPC+) .. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) .. Address resolution (ATMARP and InATMARP) .. Classical IP over ATM .. ATM LAN emulation .. Classical IP over ATM versus LAN emulation.. Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) .. Benefits of MPOA .. MPOA logical components .. MPOA functional components.. MPOA operation .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 64 Chapter 3. Internetworking protocols .. Internet Protocol (IP) .. IP addressing .. IP subnets .. IP routing .. Methods of delivery: Unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast .. The IP address exhaustion problem .. Intranets: Private IP addresses .. Network Address Translation (NAT) .. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) .. IP datagram.. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) .. ICMP messages .. ICMP applications .. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) .. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

4 ARP Overview .. ARP detailed concept .. ARP and subnets .. Proxy-ARP or transparent subnetting .. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) .. RARP concept.. Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) .. 125 Contents BOOTP forwarding .. BOOTP considerations .. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) .. The DHCP message format .. DHCP message types .. Allocating a new network address.. DHCP lease renewal process .. Reusing a previously allocated network address .. Configuration parameters repository .. DHCP considerations .. BOOTP and DHCP interoperability .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 140 Chapter 4. Transport layer protocols.. Ports and sockets .. Ports .. Sockets .. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) .. UDP datagram format .. UDP application programming interface .. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .. TCP concept .. TCP application programming interface .. TCP congestion control algorithms.

5 RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 170 Chapter 5. Routing protocols.. Autonomous systems .. Types of IP routing and IP routing algorithms .. Static routing .. Distance vector routing .. Link state routing .. Path vector routing .. Hybrid routing .. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) .. RIP packet types .. RIP packet format .. RIP modes of operation .. Calculating distance vectors .. Convergence and counting to infinity .. RIP limitations .. Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIP-2) .. RIP-2 packet format .. 190 vi TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical RIP-2 limitations .. RIPng for IPv6 .. Differences between RIPng and RIP-2 .. RIPng packet format .. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) .. OSPF terminology .. Neighbor communication .. OSPF neighbor state machine .. OSPF route redistribution .. OSPF stub areas.. OSPF route summarization .. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).

6 Features of EIGRP .. EIGRP packet types .. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) .. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) .. BGP concepts and terminology.. IBGP and EBGP communication .. Protocol description.. Path selection .. BGP synchronization.. BGP aggregation.. BGP confederations .. BGP route reflectors .. Routing protocol selection .. Additional functions performed by the router.. Routing processes in UNIX-based systems .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 235 Chapter 6. IP multicast .. Multicast addressing .. Multicasting on a single physical network .. Multicasting between network segments .. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) .. IGMP messages .. IGMP operation .. Multicast delivery tree .. Multicast forwarding algorithms .. Reverse path forwarding algorithm .. Center-based tree algorithm .. Multicast routing protocols .. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) .. Protocol Overview .

7 254 Contents Building and maintaining multicast delivery trees .. DVMRP tunnels.. Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) .. Protocol Overview .. MOSPF and multiple OSPF areas .. MOSPF and multiple autonomous systems .. MOSPF interoperability .. Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) .. PIM dense mode .. PIM sparse mode .. Interconnecting multicast domains .. Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) .. Border Gateway Multicast Protocol .. The multicast backbone .. MBONE routing .. Multicast applications .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 272 Chapter 7. Mobile IP .. Mobile IP Overview .. Mobile IP operation .. Mobility agent advertisement extensions .. Mobile IP registration process .. Tunneling .. Broadcast datagrams .. Move detection .. Returning home.. ARP considerations.. Mobile IP security considerations .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 286 Chapter 8. Quality of service .. Why QoS?

8 Integrated Services .. Service classes .. Controlled Load Service .. Guaranteed Service .. The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) .. Integrated Services outlook.. Differentiated Services .. Differentiated Services architecture .. Organization of the DSCP .. Configuration and administration of DS with LDAP.. 322 viii TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 325 Chapter 9. IP version 6 .. IPv6 introduction .. IP growth .. IPv6 feature Overview .. The IPv6 header format.. Extension headers .. IPv6 addressing .. Traffic class .. Flow labels .. IPv6 security .. Packet sizes .. Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6 (ICMPv6) .. Neighbor discovery .. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) .. DNS in IPv6 .. Format of IPv6 resource records.. DHCP in IPv6 .. DHCPv6 messages .. IPv6 mobility support .. IPv6 new opportunities .. New infrastructure .. New services.

9 New research and development platforms .. Internet transition: Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6 .. Dual IP stack implementation: The IPv6/IPv4 node .. Tunneling .. Interoperability summary .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 389 Chapter 10. Wireless IP.. Wireless concepts .. Why wireless? .. Deployment and cost effectiveness .. Reachability.. Scalability .. Security .. Connectivity and reliability.. WiFi .. WiMax .. Applications of wireless networking.. Last mile connectivity in broadband services .. 402 Contents Hotspots .. Mesh networking .. IEEE standards relevant to this chapter .. 403 Part 2. TCP/IP application protocols.. 405 Chapter 11. Application structure and programming interfaces .. Characteristics of applications.. The client/server model .. Application programming interfaces (APIs) .. The socket API .. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) .. The SNMP distributed programming interface (SNMP DPI).

10 REXX sockets .. RFCs relevant to this chapter .. 423 Chapter 12. Directory and naming protocols.. Domain Name System (DNS) .. The hierarchical namespace .. Fully qualified domain names (FQDNs) .. Generic domains .. Country domains .. Mapping domain names to IP addresses .. Mapping IP addresses to domain names: Pointer queries .. The distributed name space .. Domain name resolution .. Domain Name System resource records .. Domain Name System messages .. A simple scenario .. Extended scenario .. Transport .. DNS applications.. Dynamic Domain Name System .. Dynamic updates in the DDNS .. Incremental zone transfers in DDNS.. Prompt notification of zone transfer .. Network Information System (NIS) .. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) .. LDAP: Lightweight access to .. The LDAP directory server .. Overview of LDAP architecture .. LDAP models .. LDAP security .. LDAP URLs.