The Linux Command Line - Linux Za Sve

1 The Linux Command LineWilliam E. Shotts, BookCopyright 2008-2009, William E. Shotts, work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks belong to their respective book is part of the project, a site for Linux education and advocacy devoted to helping users of legacy operating systems migrate into the future. You may contact the project at copies of this book, in large, easy-to-read-format, are available for purchase from Orders may be placed at the following: 14, 2009 First 19, 2009 Fourth draft with almost all reviewer feedback incorporated and edited through chapter 3, 2009 Third draft with revised table formatting, partial application of reviewers feedback and edited through chapter 18.

2 12, 2009 Second draft incorporating the first editing 18, 2009 Completed first of ContentsPart 1 Use The Command line ?..2 What This Book Is Should Read This 's In This To Read This I Don't Call It GNU/ Linux .. Feedback Is Needed!..7 Further 2 Learning The What Is The Shell?..10 Terminal First Few Words About Mice And Some Simple A Terminal Console Behind The The File System Current Working The Contents Of A The Current Working Helpful Facts About Exploring The Fun With And Longer Look At Long A File's Type With File Contents With Is Text ?..24 Less Is Guided Manipulating Files And Work In The GUI Create Copy Files And Options And Move And Rename Options And Remove Files And Options And Careful With rm!..38ln Create 's Build A And Renaming Hard Symbolic Files And Symlinks With The Working With Exactly Are Commands?

3 48 Identifying Display A Command 's Display An Executable's A Command 's Get Help For Shell Display Usage Display A Program's Manual Display Appropriate Display A Very Brief Description Of A Most Brutal Man Page Of Them Display A Program's Info And Other Program Documentation Your Own Commands With Old Input, Output, And Standard Standard Standard Output And Standard Error To One Of Unwanted In Unix Standard Concatenate - Report Or Omit Repeated Print line , Word, And Byte Print Lines Matching A / tail Print First / Last Part Of Read From Stdin And Output To Stdout And Is About Seeing The World As The Shell Sees Expansion Of Hidden Escape Advanced Keyboard line And Pasting (Killing And Yanking) Meta , Group Members, And Everybody , Writing, And Change file The Heck Is Octal?

4 98 Setting File Mode With The Set Default Special Run A Shell With Substitute User And Group Execute A Command As Another And Change File Owner And Change Group Our Your A Process Processes Dynamically With A A Process In The A Process To The (Pausing) A Signals To Processes With Signals To Multiple Processes With Process Related 3 Configuration And The The Is Stored In The Environment?..128 Examining The Interesting Is The Environment Established?..131 What's In A Startup File?..132ivModifying The Files Should We Modify?..134 Text A Text Comments Are Our A Gentle Introduction To We Should Learn Little Background ..141 Starting And Stopping Insert Our The Cursor A , Copying And Pasting And Within A The Entire Search And Multiple Between Additional Files For Content From One File Into An Entire File Into Our Customizing The Of A Some Alternate Prompt The The 4 Common Tasks And Essential Package A Package System And Low-level Package Package Management A Package In A A Package From A A Package From A Package A Packages From A A Package From A Package Installed If A Package Is Info About An Installed Which Package Installed A Linux Software Installation Storage And Unmounting Storage A List Of Mounted File Unmounting Is Device New File Partitions With A New File System With And Repairing File The fsck?

5 193 Formatting Floppy Data Directly To/From CD-ROM An Image Copy Of A An Image From A Collection Of Program By Any Other CD-ROM An ISO Image A Re-Writable An And Monitoring A Files Over A A Better Communication With Remote With And SSH Client For Windows?..212 Further Searching For Find Files The Easy Does The locate Database Come From?..215find Find Files The Hard Defined With Funny Return To The Archiving And t Be Compressive Files And rsync Over A Regular Are Regular Expressions?.. And Any Crossword Puzzle Expressions And Character Character Character To Traditional Collation Basic Vs. Extended Regular - Match An Element Zero Or One * - Match An Element Zero Or More + - Match An Element One Or More { } - Match An Element A Specific Number Of Regular Expressions To A Phone List With Ugly Filenames With For Files With For Text In less And Text Of Source Some Old Text Vs.

6 Unix And On The : The Not-So-Secret Decoder Who Like sed Also Formatting Formatting Number Wrap Each line To A Specified A Simple Text Format Text For Format And Print Formatting Brief History Of In The Dim With Files For Convert Text Files For A Print Job To A Print Files (Berkeley Style)..335lp Print Files (System V Style)..336 Another Option: And Controlling Print Display Print System Display Printer Queue / cancel Cancel Print Compiling Is Compiling?..344 Are All Programs Compiled?..345 Compiling A C The Source The Source The The 5 Writing Shell Writing Your First Are Shell Scripts?..358 How To Write A Shell File File Locations For Formatting Option And line vim For Script Starting A Stage: Minimal Stage: Adding A Little And Values To Variables And Top-Down Scripts Functions In Your.

7 Bashrc Flow Control: Branching With More Modern Version Of (( )) - Designed For Is The Hobgoblin Of Little Operators: Another Way To Reading Keyboard Read Values From Standard Can t Pipe Flow Control: Looping With while / Out Of A Files With Or Unexpected Errors ..423 Defensive Is A Function Of The Problem Values During Flow Control: Branching With Positional The Command The Number of Getting Access To Many Positional Parameters With Shell Positional Parameters En More Complete Flow Control: Looping With : Traditional Shell i?..453for: C Language Strings And To Manage Empty That Return Variable Evaluation And An Arbitrary Precision Calculator Example Are Arrays?..476 Creating An Values To An Array The Entire Contents Of An The Number Of Array The Subscripts Used By An Elements To The End Of An An An Commands And Up A Named Named 1 IntroductionPart 1 Introduction11 Introduction1 IntroductionI want to tell you a , not the story of how, in 1991, Linus Torvalds wrote the first version of the Linux kernel.

8 You can read that story in lots of Linux books. Nor am I going to tell you the story of how, some years earlier, Richard Stallman began the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system. That's an important story too, but most other Linux books have that one, as , I want to tell you the story of how you can take back control of your I began working with computers as a college student in the late 1970s, there was a revolution going on. The invention of the microprocessor had made it possible for ordinary people like you and me to actually own a computer. It's hard for many people today to imagine what the world was like when only big business and big government ran all the computers. Let's just say, you couldn't get much , the world is very different. Computers are everywhere, from tiny wristwatches to giant data centers to everything in between. In addition to ubiquitous computers, we also have a ubiquitous network connecting them together.

9 This has created a wondrous new age of personal empowerment and creative freedom, but over the last couple of decades something else has been happening. A single giant corporation has been imposing its control over most of the world's computers and deciding what you can and cannot do with them. Fortunately, people from all over the world are doing something about it. They are fighting to maintain control of their computers by writing their own software. They are building people speak of freedom with regard to Linux , but I don't think most people know what this freedom really means. Freedom is the power to decide what your computer does, and the only way to have this freedom is to know what your computer is doing. Freedom is a computer that is without secrets, one where everything can be known if you care enough to find Use The Command line ?Have you ever noticed in the movies when the super hacker, you know, the guy who can break into the ultra-secure military computer in under thirty seconds sits down at 2 Why Use The Command line ?

10 The computer, he never touches a mouse? It's because movie makers realize that we, as human beings, instinctively know the only way to really get anything done on a computer is by typing on a computer users today are only familiar with the graphical user interface (GUI) and have been taught by vendors and pundits that the Command line interface (CLI) is a terrifying thing of the past. This is unfortunate, because a good Command line interface is a marvelously expressive way of communicating with a computer in much the same way the written word is for human beings. It's been said that graphical user interfaces make easy tasks easy, while Command line interfaces make difficult tasks possible and this is still very true Linux is modeled after the Unix family of operating systems, it shares the same rich heritage of Command line tools as Unix. Unix came into prominence during the early 1980s (although it was first developed a decade earlier), before the widespread adoption of the graphical user interface and, as a result, developed an extensive Command line interface instead.