tIcf]mTm-hen aebmfw - Kerala

1 TIc-f-k m hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip vXbm-dm- n-bXvkw m\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw2010 IXaebmfw m tU UvtIcf]mTm-hentZio-b-Km\wP\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,] m-_-kn p KpP-dm admTm{ZmhnU DXv -e- _w-Km,hn y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,D e Pe-[nX-cwKm,Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYmP\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[ , Pb-tl, Pb-tl,Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!{]Xn C y Fs cmPy-am-Wv. F m C y- mcpw Fs ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc- Fs cmPys kvt\ln- p p; k q Whpwsshhn-[y-]q W-hp-amb AXns ]mc- -cy- n Rm A`n-am\w sIm p Fs amXm-]n-Xm- -sfbpw Kpcp- - m-scbpw apXn -hscbpw _lp-am-\n- Fs cmPy- n-s bpw Fs \m p-Im-cp-sSbpw t a- n\pwsFiz-cy- n-\pw- th n {]bXv\n by :State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, KeralaWebsite : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869 First Edition 2010 Typesetting : SCERT Computer Lab Government of Kerala Department of Education{]nb- hn-Zym Yn-I-tf,am\-h-cm-in-bpsS al- mb CuSp-h-bv]mWv ` m\pw ]nW- m\pw Nn n- m\pw Bhn-jvI-cn- m\pw `mj thWw.}}}}

2 \ap-s m w `mjbpw hf p-sIm- n-cn- p- ns hf -bnepw Xf -bnepw `mjbv v \n Wm-b-I-amb ] p dn Xe- nse amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w ka-{K-ambn I p-sIm- mWv `mjm]mT-]p-kvX-I- cq]-s -Sp- n-bn- p- -Xv. ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw ASp- -dn-bm Ch klm-b-I-am-hpw. kz w i nbpw temI- ns \ bpw Xncn- -dn-bm\pw kaq-l- n\pIqSn D]-Im-c-{]-Z-ambn Ahsb ]cn-h n- n- m\pwhnZym`ymkw sIm p Ign-b-Ww. amXr`mjm-]-T\w kwkvIm-c- ns Bg- -fn-te v \s Iq n-s m pt]mIp- p. ]mc- -cy- ns thcp-I Is - m\pw Ncn-{X- n \ psS m\w Xn -s -Sp- m\pw AXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.`mj-bpsS X\nabpw sshhn-[yhpw IrXn-I-fn \n p a\- nem mw. hnhn[Ime-L- - -fn-eqsS hnI-kn ph `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy- n-s bpw ]cn-WmaZi-I AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p cN-\-I ]mT-]p-kvX-I- n ]cn-N-b-s Smw.}}}

3 ]mT-]p-kvX-I- n\v A\p-_- -ambn \ In-bn- p ]Z-]-cn-Nbw i_vZ-X-e- nepw A Y-X-e- n-epap hymI-cWX z- Adn-bm \z-j-W- -fn-eq-sS, N -I-fn-eq-sS, Bhn-jvI-c-W- -fn-eqsS ]T\wA Yh m \lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,s{]m^. -Jm-Z Ub-d-IvS . m\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym-`h , ]qP- p-c, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 695 012]mT-]p-kvXI kanXnAssUz-k :sI.]n. i -c , s{]m^k (dn .) doPn-b-W C n yq v Hm^v FUyq-t -j (F ..-Sn), ssakq .sNb am :tUm. Un. _ -an , s{]m^-k & slUv Hm^v Zn Un m vsa v (dn .) tIcfk h-I-em-ime.]n. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m s{]m^-k (dn .) tIc-f-h a tImtf-Pv, Xr q .tUm. ]n. kXy-t\-i Akn v s{]m^-k (dn .) . chn-Ip-am doU , , Xncp-h-\- -] tIm p- eIvN-d , Kh sa v tImtfPv aS- AP-b-]pcw tPymXnjvIpam eIvN-d , , Xncp-h-\- -] ] {ioIeeIvN-d , bqWn-th-gvkn n tImtfPv, Xncp-h-\- -] Fw.}}}}}}

4 _me eIvN-d , Ub- v, I q .]n. t{]a-N-{ Kh sa v tK kv lb sk- -dn- kvIq , ] - q .D Sn. sISmtKm hnZym-\n-tI-X Kh sa v lb sk- dnkvIq , Xfn- -d . ss_PpKh sa v lb sk- dn kvIq , \mhm-bn- $ aZ-\ , B v FUn- , amXr-`qan. $ sI. jco^v, B n- v, amXr-`qan. $ tZh-{]-Imiv, B n- v,kw m\ _me-km-lnXy C n- yq v. $ ]n. cta-i , Ccn- - q lb sk dn kvIq .Nn{X-Imc- m hnZKv[ .-hn. Ipdp v, s{]m^-k & slUv Hm^v Zn Un m vsa v (dn .), Kh sa v hna kv tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\- -] -cw [\p-h- -]pcw, {]n kn- (dn .) bqWn-th-gvkn n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\- -] a[p-kq-Z\ \mb , s{]m^-k (dn .) sk v tkthygvkv tImtf-Pv, Xp , Xncp-h-\- ] i-in-Ip-am , doU , bqWn-th-gvkn n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\- -] hm-kp- p- , s{]m^-k (dn.)}}}}}}}}

5 Kh sa v hna kv tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\- -]pcwPnt\-jvIp-am FcawKh sa v lb sk- dn kvIq , sIm ne.]n. blnbKh sa v shmt -j-W lb sk- dn kvIq ,] m-\- . taml-\ Kh sa v tK kv lb sk dn kvIq , at iinSo (dn .) Kh sa v tamU t_mbvkvlb sk dn kvIq , ssX ] sa v lb sk dn kvIq , sNdp-Xp-cp tPm_n tPmkvKh sa v shmt -j-W lb sk dn kvIq ,aqe-a w.]n. _-jo dnk v Hm^o-k , . kn. `m-an\ndnk v Hm^o-k , . m-Z-anIv tImUnt\ :tUm. ] XneIv, dnk v Hm^o-k , . [h IpSpw-_Iw ..07ap -h-ffnbpw am "`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I ' hmbn- p-t m .. ho n-te ]-Xp-Im-cpsS ] sNdp-]p- ncn .. n-I R ..42the- m-ct\m bP-am-\t\m?..43tamtU ssSwkv B[p-\nIIme- ns D WvT-I.

6 49Is -dn-bp- -h ..544.`b-Iu-Sn-ey-tem-`- hf n-s mcp\mSns\ ..59B[p-\nItIcf ns Ncn-{X- n kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS m\ ]pXnb BImiw ]g-b -` {]]- -an-s mcp Xd-hm-Sm-bn, hc- p-I ..72Xp - ]m-Tn-I ..75 Agn-I-fn- m ehpw Imehpw Nn{X-I-e-bn .. -c- tXSn ..87sNdn-b -a\p-jycpw henb tem-Ihpw ..88aSp -Sp Hcp cm{ n-te p t]mIt , Ipt ..100t]Pv`mKw IV IauenI I -hy- 51 I -hy- Xmsg- -d-bp- h `mc-X- nse Hmtcm]uc-s bpw I hyw Bbn-cn- p- -XmWv (I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn- p-Ibpw AXns BZ i- -sfbpw m]-\- -sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-s bpw BZ-cn- p-Ibpw sN pI;(J) kzmX-{ y- n-\p-th- n-bp \ psS tZiobka-c- n\v {]tNm-Z\w \ Inbal-\o-bm-Z i- sf ]cn-t]m-jn- n- p-Ibpw ]n Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sN pI;(K) `mc-X- ns ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n p-Ibpwkwc- n- p-Ibpw sN pI;(L) cmPys Im p-kq- n- p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn- p-hm Bhiy-s -Sp-t m A\p-jvTn- p-Ibpw sN pI.}}}}}}

7 (M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y- Xo-X-ambn `mc-X- nse F m P\- p-an-S-bn , kulm Zhpw s]mXp-hmbkmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe p-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A - n\v Ipdhp hcp- p BNm-c- ]cn-Xy-Pn- pI;(N) \ psS k n{ikwkvIm-c- ns k - -amb ]mc- -cys hne-a-Xn- p-Ibpw \ne-\n-dp- p-Ibpw sN pI;(O) h\- fpw XSm-I- fpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw D s -Sp {]IrXym D ]cn- nXn kwc- n- p-Ibpw A`n-hr- n-s -Sp- p-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWywImWn- p-Ibpw sN pI;(P) imkv{Xo-b-amb ImgvN- mSpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw, At\z-j-W- n\pw]cnjvIcW n\pw D at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn- n- pI;(Q) s]mXp-kz v ]cn-c- n- p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]- n- p-IbpwsN pI.}}}}}}

8 (R) cmjv{Sw bXv\- n-s bpw e y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D -X-X-e- -fn-te v\nc cw Db-c- - -h w hy n-]-chpw Iq m-b-Xp-amb {]h -\- ns F m afi-e- -fnepw D Ir-jvS-X-bv p-th n A[zm-\n- p-I.(S)Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv v {]mb-ap Xs Ip nt m c y-_m-e-I-t\m,AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm- tfm c -I mthm hnZym-`ym-k- n-\p Ah-k-c- G s -Sp- p-I.`qan-Ko-X- `qanbo- \- -fn-te-s m-Xp- p- pthm?\man p `qan-tbmfw hep-Xm-Itbm?kqcy-s\- m-Wm-{[p-h- X ssiXy-hpwkqcy ]pWsc ln- p "kw '* t]m \odpw acp-`q-an-X sImSpw-Xm-]-hpw\ocm-gn-X \ne-bv mt m-c-im- nbpwambpw ac-X-I- - -I I pt]mw]mhw \Zn-bpsS ]m n- n-S -bpwGtXm hnj- \n ` n- p -sIm- nse\mZw hc- pt]mw ] n-X ssZ\yhpwD -\n-hn D -en-t m-cp-d-h-I sfms bpw h nb a ns Zmlhpw\mta p hm -th, \ p-sS-bm-flm-hn `qan \nd-bp p; \mw `qan-bm-hp p!}}}}}

9 *kqcy-]Xv\ .-hn. Ipdp v $ \ap v `qan-tbmfw hep-Xm-Im Ign-bp- Xv Ft m-gmWv?a\pjys GsXms {]hr- n-I-fmWv AXn-te v \bn- p Xv?1tIc-f-]m-Tm-hen ae-bmfw IX8ap -h-ffnbpw am In-Smhpw A`n- m-\-im-Ip- fw \mem-a w : Imfn-Zm-k (]cn-`mj : .- cm-P-cm-P-h a){]nbw-hZ:({]th-in- n v kt m-j-t mSpIqSn) kJo, hcq! hcq! thK-am-I-s , iIp- -fsb ` r-Kr-l- n-te v bm{X Ab-bv m t] \-kqb: G! CsX- s\?{]nbw-hZ:tI psIm q! Rm Ct m kpJ-i-b\w tNmZn- m iIp- -f-bpsSASp- t]mbn-cp- \-kqb: F nt m?{]nbw-hZ:At m e n p Xe-Xm-gv n-\n- n-cp- -A-hsf XmX-Im-iy-] kzbwBenw-K\w sNbvXv C s\ A`n-\- n p: ""]pI-sIm p I p-a-d- n-cp- p-sh- nepw tlmXmhv tlman- Xv `mKy-h-im A n-bn s ]Xn p.}}}}}}

10 Ipt , \ injy\p sImSp hnZy-sb- n F t]mse\ns - n C\n F\n p hnNm-c-s -Sm-\n- . C p-Xs \ns Ejn-Isf q n ` r-Kr-l- n-e-b-t mw'' F \-kqb: h -am\w F mw A -t\m-Sm-cmWv ]d- Xv?{]nbw-hZ: A n-tlm-{X-Kr-l- n {]th-in t m , t mI-cq-]-amb Hc-i-cocnhm \-kqb: (B -cy-t m-sS) F m-WXv! ] hf p-a-I-fmb iIp- f icn pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ]p{Xn F \nebv v B{i-a- n ]pe- - p-t]m- p. AhnsS tXmgn-am-cmb A\-kq-bm -{]-nbw-h-Z-am p ]pdsa Xt]m-h-\-hr- - , h\-tPym v\ F ap , Zo Lm-]mw-K F am - -F- m-h-cp-ap- v; _ p- fpw c -I-cp-ambn H ptN -f-bpsS GtXm Ime-tZmjw ]cn-l-cn- m-\mbn IW-z B{iaw hn k `w. cmPm-hmb Zpjvj h\- n-se- n-bXp \mbm- n\v. kwK-Xn-h-im B{i-a- n-se- nb At -l- n\v {]Y-a-Zr-jvSn-bnte iIp- -f-bn A\p-cm-K-ap-Zn- p; iIp- -fbv p Xncn- pw.}}}}}}}}}}