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What Is Language? Linguistics

what Is Language? LinguisticsIntroduction to LinguisticsDarrell LarsenLinguistics 101 Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsOutline1 what Is Language? Defining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage Miscellania2 LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaCommon Definitions of LanguageDefinition a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds orconventional symbols ( )Definition a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures orwritten symbols that encode or decode information. Humanspoken and written languages can be described as a system the grammars (rules) by which the symbols aremanipulated ( )Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is language ?

Linguistics Introduction to Linguistics Darrell Larsen Linguistics 101 Darrell Larsen Introduction to Linguistics. What Is Language? Linguistics Outline 1 What Is Language? De ning Language ... In English, prescriptive rules are often based on Latin. So-called ‘proper’ forms are not always natural. Darrell Larsen Introduction to Linguistics.

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Transcription of What Is Language? Linguistics

1 what Is Language? LinguisticsIntroduction to LinguisticsDarrell LarsenLinguistics 101 Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsOutline1 what Is Language? Defining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage Miscellania2 LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaCommon Definitions of LanguageDefinition a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds orconventional symbols ( )Definition a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures orwritten symbols that encode or decode information. Humanspoken and written languages can be described as a system the grammars (rules) by which the symbols aremanipulated ( )Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is language ?

2 LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaClass Definition of LanguageDefinition1a conventional set of arbitrary signs (called thelexicon)2agrammar with rules manipulating these signs and constraintson their distributionDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaCore Components of LanguageGrammarrules for putting sounds togetherphonologyrules for making wordsmorphologyrules for making sentencessyntaxrules for deriving meaningssemanticsLexicondictionary of arbitrary signsDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaCommon is a product of exists without , but not writing, is learned without LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is language ?

3 LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaCommon obeys one s mental grammars attempt to shape grammars involve largely arbirary LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaPrescriptive GrammarClaims one manner of speech is correct , others are incorrect .In english , prescriptive rules are often based on proper forms are not always LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaPrescriptive Grammar: ExamplesClaim: Double negatives are illogical! good :I don t know anything. bad :I don t know : Double negatives are (French) I don t know anything. Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t language ?

4 Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaPrescriptive Grammar: ExamplesRule: Who is for subjects, whom is for objects! good :Whom did Jeff call? bad :Who did Jeff call? good :I know whom you called. bad :I know who you called. good :Whom do you love? bad :Who do you love?Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaPrescriptive Grammar: ExamplesRule: Don t end sentences with prepositions! good :For whom did you buy beer? bad :Who did you buy beer for? good :With whom did you go? bad :Who did you go with? good :From where did you just come? bad :Where did you just come from?Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaPrescriptive vs. Descriptive GrammarPrescriptive Grammar grammar as taught in english classesdictates how weshould to some blokeDescriptive Grammardescribes how weactually speakfocus of linguisticsDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is language ?

5 LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaWhat Are the Features of Human Language? Modality / Mode of CommunicationSemanticityPragmatic FunctionInterchangeabilityCultural TransmissionArbitrarinessDiscretenessDis placementProductivityDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsDefining LanguageWhat Isn t Language? Design Features of LanguageLanguage MiscellaniaSome Basic Facts about LanguageAll languages are appearances, languages are surprisingly living languages are constantly infants acquire language quickly despite its infants acquire language without explicit normal child can learn any human LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaWhat Is Linguistics ?Definitionthe scientific study of languageLinguistics isnot simply the study of foreign doesnot preach about so-called proper focus on describing actual language attempt to understand how language isrepresented in the LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is language ?

6 LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaHow Can We Study language ?[Einstein & Infeld, 1938] In our endeavor to understand reality we are somewhat like a mantrying to understand the mechanism of a closed watch. He seesthe face and the moving hands, even hears its ticking, but he hasno way of opening the case. If he is ingenious he may form somepicture of a mechanism which could be responsible for all things heobserves, but he may never be quite sure his picture is the only onewhich could explain his observations. He will never be able tocompare his picture with the real mechanism and he cannot evenimagine the possibility of the meaning of such a comparison. Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaHow Can We Study language ?

7 Linguists examine language from the outside (our words,sentences, pronunciation, etc.) to discover the internallanguage following are just a few examples of what provides usclues about LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaAmbiguity(1)I shot the bear in my I am in my The bear is in my pajamas.(2)The door is unable to be lockedii. able to be unlocked(3)Everyone loves For every person x, there exists some person that There is some person y such that every person loves LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaUngrammaticality(4) did you say he saw? did you say that he saw? did you saysaw him?d.* Who did you say thatsaw him?

8 (5) plays the does Sarah play? plays the trumpet and the clarinetd.* what does Sarah play the trumpet and?(6) the Johnsons want to see them?( them 6= the Johnsons ) did the Johnsons want to see them?( them can = the Johnsons )Darrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaSound Structure / Intuitions(7)Which arepossible english words?a. blickb. ngaughtc. redokzd. twigglee. bhasaf. wugDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaSound Structure / MistakesMistakes follow specific patternsLikely: dear old queen queer old deanUnlikely: dear old queen near old queedDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is language ?

9 LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaWhat We Know, and what We DoIn language , as in other aspects of life, our performance isoften not entirely reflective our our knowledge. Linguists findit useful to make the following CompetenceThe lexicon and grammar as it exists in our minds; , whatwe know linguistic PerformanceLanguage as we use LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaLinguistic CompetenceSome examples of what weknow about our language :which sounds are / are not in our languagewhich sound patterns are / are not allowed in our languagewords ( sound-meaning association) what are natural sentences vs. unnatural sentenceshow to create novel utterancesDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is language ?

10 LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaLinguistics PerformanceOur performance is suboptimal in many waysComphrehension limitationsmy great, great, great, great, horse raced past the barn LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaLinguistics PerformanceOur performance is suboptimal in many waysPhysical limitationsrunning out of breathforgetting the main pointstutteringchanging thought mid-sentencedying mid-sentenceDarrell LarsenIntroduction to LinguisticsWhat Is Language? LinguisticsWhat Is Linguistics ? what Do Linguists Examine?Competence vs. PerformanceLinguistics MiscellaniaLinguistics PerformanceOur performance is suboptimal in many waysSlips of the tongueSpoonerisms ( Three cheers for our queer old dean!)


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