WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants

1 WHO monographs onselectedmedicinalplantsVolume 4 WHOmonographson selectedmedicinal plantsVOLUME 4 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataWHO monographs on selected medicinal plants . Vol. plants , medicinal . 2. Angiosperms. 3. Medicine, Traditional. I. WHO Consultation on selected medicinal plants (4th: 2005: Salerno-Paestum, Italy) II. World Health 978 92 4 154705 5 (NLM classification: QV 766) World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.)

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4 However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its in SpainiiiContentsAcknowledgementsvIntrodu ction1 General technical notices5 monographs (in alphabetical order of plant name)Fructus Agni Casti9 Cortex Berberidis30 Gummi Boswellii48 Semen Cardamomi61 Fructus Chebulae71 Semen Cucurbitae83 Folium Cynarae92 Cortex Granati108 Pericarpium Granati117 Folium Guavae127 Lichen Islandicus140 Fructus Macrocarponii149 Cortex Magnoliae167 Herba Millefolii179 Fructus Momordicae192 Fructus Myrtilli210 Radix Panacis Quinquefolii226 Cortex Phellodendron244 Rhizoma Picrorhizae258 Oleum Ricini271 Aetheroleum Rosmarini284 Folium Rosmarini294 Cortex Salicis309 Fructus Tribuli323 Flos

5 Trifolii335ivRamulus cum Uncis Uncariae353 Cortex Viburni Prunifolii364 Radix Withaniae373 Annex 1 Participants of the Fourth WHO Consultationon selected medicinal plants Salerno-Paestum,Italy, 3 6 October 2005392 Annex 2 Cumulative index (in alphabetical order of plant name)395 Annex 3 Cumulative index (in alphabetical order of plant material of interest)397 Annex 4 Cumulative index of medicinal plants (in alphabetical order of Latin binomial plant name)400 Annex 5 Cumulative index of major chemical constituents (by compound name in alphabetical order)406 Annex 6 Cumulative index of major chemical constituents (ordered by CAS number)430 Annex 7 Cumulative index of major chemical constituents (ordered by molecular formula)437 ContentsvAcknowledgementsSpecial acknowledgement is due to Professor Norman R.

6 Farnsworth, Professor Harry Fong, and Professor Gail B. Mahady of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, for drafting and re-vising the monographs . Special acknowledgement is also due to Dr Ray-mond Boudet-Dalbin of the Laboratoire de Chimie Th rapeutique, Uni-versity of Ren Descartes, Paris, France, for drawing the chemical structures and for compiling the index of major chemical constituents in-cluding information on their molecular formula and CAS numbers.

7 The photograph for the front cover was kindly provided by the Research Center for medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba City, also acknowledges with thanks the valuable work of the ap-proximately 200 experts including 81 national health authorities, who provided comments and advice on the draft texts; those who submitted comments through the World Self-Medication Industry (a nongovern-mental organization in official relations with WHO) and the Internation-al Federation of Pharmacists (a nongovernmental organization in official relations with WHO); and those who participated in the Fourth WHO Consultation on selected medicinal plants held in Salerno-Paestum, Italy, in October 2005 to review the monographs (see Annex 1).

8 Sincere appreciation is extended to the Ministry of Health of Italy, the Government of the Province of Campagna, Italy, the Municipal Govern-ment of Salerno, Italy, and the State University of Salerno, who hosted the above-mentioned Fourth WHO Consultation and supported it financial-ly. Finally, WHO wishes to express thanks to Mr Raymond Tsai, Boston, USA, Dr Hermann Garden, Basel, Switzerland, Ms Lynn Morra, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and Ms Tina Lu, Rochester, USA, for their indispensable assistance in finalizing and editing the role of the WHO monographs on selected medicinal plantsOver the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of herbal medicine; however, there is still a significant lack of research data in this field.

9 Therefore since 1999, WHO has published three vol-umes of the WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants : volume 1 includes 28 monographs ; volume 2 contains an additional 30 monographs ; and volume 3 provides 31 monographs . Including the 28 new monographs published in this volume, a total of 118 monographs in four volumes are now available on the WHO web site ( ).Due to the diversity of medicinal plants and herbal medicines, it is dif-ficult for WHO to continue to develop more monographs on commonly used medicinal plants .

10 One of the objectives of WHO monographs is to provide a model that will support countries in developing their own na-tional or regional monographs on medicinal plants or national formular-ies on herbal medicines. Experts can be trained through the process of developing country-specific or regional monographs , and national capac-ity in this field can thus be built example, at WHO s regional training workshop on regulation of herbal medicines held for the WHO European Region, in September 2003, the participating national drug regulatory authorities of many of the Newly Independent States (NIS)