Women's Political Participation: African Barometer 2021

1 AFRICA2021 Women's Political ParticipationWomen's Political ParticipationWLSAW omen s Political Participation ~ africa Barometer 2021 2021 International Institute for Democracy and ElectoralAssistanceISBN: 978-91-7671-397-6 International IDEA publications are independent of specificnational or Political interests. Views expressed in this publicationdo not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, itsBoard or its Council electronic version of this publication is available under aCreative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA ) licence. You are free to copy, distributeand transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it,provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that youappropriately attribute the publication, and that you distributeit under an identical licence.

2 For more information visit theCreative Commons website:< >.International IDEAStr msborgSE 103 34 StockholmSwedenTelephone: +46 8 698 37 00 Email: < >Design and layout: Debi LeeEditors: Colleen Lowe Morna, Susan Tolmay and Mukayi MakayaWomen s Political Participation ~ africa Barometer 2021 1 CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS2 ACRONYMS3 FOREWORD5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION15 CHAPTER 2 ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION39 CHAPTER 3 Political PARTIES71 CHAPTER 4 ELECTORAL LAWS AND MANAGEMENT89 CHAPTER 5 MAINSTREAM AND SOCIAL MEDIA111 CHAPTER 6 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS131 CHAPTER 7 EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION151 ANNEX 1 - Mapping of Gender Organisations in africa working on Women's Political Participation168 ANNEX 2 - Interviews for the WPP africa Barometer172 ANNEX 3 - Latest elections in africa by year174 ANNEX 4 - Women in parliament (LH)

3 By rank 2021175 ANNEX 5 - Women in local government in africa by rank176 ANNEX 6 - Women in parliament (LH) in africa 2000, 2010, 2020177 ANNEX 7 - Women in parliament in africa by region180 ANNEX 8 - Women in local government in africa by region182 ANNEX 9 - National Constitutional and legal instruments for women in decision-making in Africa184 ANNEX 10 - WPP in africa by Electoral System and Quota - Lower House 197 ANNEX 11 - WPP in africa by electoral system and quota - local government199 ANNEX 12 - Women in the top three Political party leadership stuctures in Africa200 ANNEX 13 - Women in Election Management Bodies in Africa206 ANNEX 14 - Women Speakers of Parliaments in Africa208 ANNEX 15 - Women Mayors of Capital Cities in Africa210 ANNEX 16 - Women in Top Executive Positions in Africa212 ANNEX 17 - Women and men in cabinet in

4 Africa214 ANNEX 18 - Gender division of labour in cabinets of select African countries216 BIBLIOGRAPHY2272 Women s Political Participation ~ africa Barometer 2021 The International IDEA africa and West Asia (AWA) Regional office, led by Prof Adebayo Olukoshi providedstrategic oversight of the report. The Women in Political Participation project team led by Dr Pinkie Mekgwe- Senior Regional Advisor, supported by Sifisosami Dube - Programme Officer, Yafika Chitanda -Communications Assistant and Rebecca Zewdie - Finance Officer provided strategic direction, coordination,guidance and Links under the leadership of Colleen Lowe Morna - Special Advisor and Editor, conceptualised,researched, drafted and edited the report.

5 Susan Tolmay and Mukayi Makaya, GL Services Associates,served as the main researchers. Tarisai Nyamweda - Communications for Social Change Manager, ShamisoChigorimbo - Policy and Movement Building Manager and Thato Phakela - Communications Officer providedadditional inputs. Marie Annick Savrip ne coordinated inputs from Francophone africa and did the Frenchtranslation. Wole Olaleye, Programme Manager at Mandela Institute for Development Studies (MINDS),and Nomkhitha Gysman, former gender advisor at the Southern africa Parliamentary Forum, reviewed andprovided critical comments on the of the consortium Enhancing the Inclusion of Women in Political Participation in africa consortiumserved on the reference group and provided several inputs.

6 The partners in the consortium are: Womenand Law in Southern africa , Padare/Enkundleni/Mens' Forum on Gender, The African Women's Developmentand Communication Network (FEMNET), Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE), and CheikhAnta Diop University -Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire (UCAD IFAN) throughout the planning, draftingand reviewing processes of the Women in Political Participation 2021 africa producing this WPP africa Barometer , data sources included Situation Analysis Reports from Botswana,Cote D'lvoire, Eswatini, Senegal and Zimbabwe. We acknowledge contributions made by Professor RoseKoffi-Nevry (Cote D'lvoire Report), Women in Law Southern africa Eswatini (Eswatini Report), Cheikh AntaDiop University - Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire (UCAD IFAN) the Senegal Report, Padare/Enkudleni/Men's Forum on Gender (Zimbabwe Report) and Gender Links (GL) Botswana and SADC LiaisonOffice (Botswana Report).

7 The following provided case studies and interviews for the WPP Barometer : Augustin Tap (Cote D'lvoire),Isabelle Outchoumar (Benin), Abdoul Momini Bokoum (Mali), S ry Baoula (Burkina Faso), D borahTwahirwa (Rwanda), Mabayang Sarr Faye (Senegal), Irchad Ousseine (Comoros), H l ne Doubidji (Togo),Mbaindangroa Djekornond Adelph (Chad), Florette Manedong (Cameroon), Fridolin Ngoulou (CentralAfrican Republic), Amy Fofana (Mauritania), Kelly Nahigombeye (Burundi), Jerry Bibang (Gabon), MarieAnnick Savrip ne (Mauritius), Chigedze Chinyepi (Botswana), Emma Kaliya (Malawi) and Gladness Munuo(Tanzania). Other case studies drawn on were produced by Gender Links in its programme on governanceacross Southern africa . All these provided country specific qualitative nuances to the empirical datareferenced.

8 FEMNET, International IDEA, FAWE and authors of case studies, country profiles, and situationalanalysis provided photos that are duly acknowledged with each , councillors, Ministers and women decision-makers gave generously of their time for the interviewsand insights in this Barometer . These individuals are listed in Annex partners extend sincere gratitude to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(Sida) though the Embassy of Sweden Ethiopia for project funding and financial for Democracy in MaliADFA lliance for Democracy and FederationANCA frican National CongressAU africa UnionANGOZA Association of NGOs in ZanzibarBPFA Beijing Declaration and Platform for ActionCCM Chama Cha MapinduziCDPC ongress for Democracy and ProgressCEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against WomenCENAI nterior and the National Autonomous Electoral CommitteeCNE Mozambique Comiss o Nacional de Elei es.

9 National Commission on ElectionCNLN ational Liberation CongressCSO Civil Society OrganisationsCSW Commission on the Status of WomenDPDemocratic PartyEC Uganda Electoral Commission of UgandaECZ Electoral Commission of ZambiaECNE lectoral Commission of NamibiaEFFE conomic Freedom FightersEFME uropean Union Election Follow-up MissionEMB Election Management BodyEPRDFE thiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic FrontESPE lection Support ProjectFAWEThe Forum for African Women EducationalistsFDCF orum for Democratic ChangeFEMNETThe African Women's Development and Communication NetworkFIDA Federation of Women LawyersFLNN ational Liberation FrontFPTP First-Past-the- PostFOWODE Forum for Women in DemocracyFRELIMO Frente de Liberta o de Mo ambique; Mozambique Liberation FrontGESIG ender Equality and Social InclusionGL Gender LinksHMSM ovement of Society for PeaceHRDH uman Rights DefenderIDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral AssistanceIFANI nstitut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire.

10 Fundamental Institute of Black AfricaIFESI nternational Foundation for Electoral SystemsIMFI nternational Monetary FundIPU Inter-Parliamentary UnionACRONYMSADEMAADFANCAU ANGOZA BPFA CCM CDPCEDAW CENACNE CNLCSO CSW DPEC Uganda ECZ ECNEFFEFMEMB EPRDFESPFAWEFDCFEMNETFIDA FLNFPTP FOWODE FRELIMO GESIGL HMSHRDIDEA IFANIFESIMFIPU Women s Political Participation ~ africa Barometer 2021 3 MIGEPROFM inistry of the Promotion of Gender and the FamilyMMP Mixed Member Proportional SystemMMA Media Monitoring AfricaMNSD-NASSARA National Movement for a Society in DevelopmentMOPM ovement for Progress PartyMP Member of ParliamentMPLAP eople's Movement for the Liberation of AngolaNARCN ational Rainbow CoalitionNEBEN ational Electoral Board of EthiopiaNIECN ational Independent Electoral CommissionNRC National Resistance CouncilNRMN ational Resistance MovementODMO range Democratic MovementPAICVA frican Party of Independence of Cape VerdePDCC entrist Democratic PartyPNUPart of National UnityPPSP arty of Progress and SocialismPR Proportional RepresentationPWDP erson with disabilityRCDD emocratic Constitutional RallyRPFR wandan Patriotic Front- InkotanyiSADC Southern africa