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Chapter 3
(b) Hidden Cause: A hidden variable z causes both x and y, creating the correla-tion. x y z (c) Confounding Factor: A hidden variable z and x both a ect y, so the results also depend on the value of z. x y (d) Coincidence: The correlation just happened by chance (e.g. the strong cor-relation between sun cycles and number of Republicans in ...
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![arXiv:1406.1078v3 [cs.CL] 3 Sep 2014](/cache/no-preview.jpg)