Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology - Assets

1 Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyAn introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of Chemistry behindscientific Analytical techniques and that reviews their application to Archaeology . Itexplains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to producegood data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carryout those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic Chemistry andphysics necessary to understand the techniques used in Analytical Chemistry , withmore detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emissionspectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy,infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describesthe operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of theapplication of the technique to Archaeology , including some case studies. With guidesto further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers,and advanced students POLLARDis Edward Hall Professor of Archaeological Science, ResearchLaboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of BATTis Senior Lecturer in Archaeological Sciences, University of STERNis Lecturer in Archaeological Sciences, University of NASA Researcher and Lecturer in Chemistry at TuftsUniversity.

2 cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore informationCAMBRIDGE MANUALS IN ARCHAEOLOGYG eneral EditorGraeme Barker,University of CambridgeAdvisory EditorsElizabeth Slater,University of LiverpoolPeter Bogucki,Princeton UniversityBooks in the seriesPottery in Archaeology ,Clive Orton, Paul Tyers, and Alan VinceVertebrate Taphonomy,R. Lee LymanPhotography in Archaeology and Conservation,2nd edn, Peter G. DorrellAlluvial Geoarchaeology, BrownShells,Cheryl ClaasenZooarchaeology,Elizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. WingSampling in Archaeology ,Clive OrtonExcavation,Steve RoskamsTeeth,2nd edn, Simon HillsonLithics,2nd edn, William Andrefsky Information Systems in Archaeology ,James Conolly and Mark LakeDemography in Archaeology ,Andrew ChamberlainAnalytical Chemistry in Archaeology , Pollard, Batt, B. Stern,and YoungCambridge Manuals in Archaeologyis a series of reference handbooksdesigned for an international audience of upper-level undergraduateand graduate students, and professional archaeologists and archaeologicalscientists in universities, museums, research laboratories, and field book includes a survey of current archaeological practice alongsideessential reference material on contemporary techniques and methodology.

3 cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore informationANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYIN PollardResearch Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,University of Oxford, Batt and B. SternDepartment of Archaeological Sciences,University of Bradford, YoungNASA Researcher, Department of Chemistry , Tufts University,Medford, Massachusetts, USA cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore informationcambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa o PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, cambridge CB2 2RU, UKPublished in the United States of America by cambridge University Press, New on this title: Mark Pollard, Catherine Batt, Benjamin Stern, and Suzanne M.

4 M. Young 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of cambridge University published 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, CambridgeA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN-13 978-0-521-65209-4 hardbackISBN-10 0-521-65209-X hardbackISBN-13 978-0-521-65572-9 paperbackISBN-10 0-521-65572-2 paperbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs forexternal or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guaranteethat any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore informationCONTENTSList of figurespage ixList of tablesxiiPrefacexiiiPART I THE ROLE OF Analytical CHEMISTRYIN ARCHAEOLOGY11.

5 Archaeology AND Analytical The history of Analytical Chemistry in Basic archaeological Questions of process252. AN INTRODUCTION TO Analytical What is Chemistry ? Analytical Special considerations in the analysis of archaeological material42 PART II THE APPLICATION OF ANALYTICALCHEMISTRY TO ARCHAEOLOGY453. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY ABSORPTION ANDEMISSION SPECTROSCOPIES IN THE VISIBLEAND Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP AES) Comparison of analysis by Greek pots and European bronzes archaeologicalapplications of emission/absorption spectrometries624. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS BY ABSORPTION ANDRAMAN Optical and UV Infrared absorption spectroscopy77v cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore Raman Soils, bone, and the Baltic shoulder archaeologicalapplications of vibrational spectroscopy855.

6 X-RAY TECHNIQUES AND ELECTRON Introduction to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Electron microscopy as an Analytical X-ray Other X-ray related A cornucopia of delights archaeological applicationsof X-ray analysis1186. NEUTRON ACTIVATION Introduction to nuclear structure and the principles ofneutron activation Neutron activation analysis in Practical alchemy archaeological applications of NAA1307. Principles of Classical liquid column Thin layer chromatography (TLC) Gas chromatography (GC) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Sticky messengers from the past archaeologicalapplications of chromatography1478. MASS Separation of ions by electric and magnetic Light stable isotopes ( D, 13C, 15N, 18O,and 34S) Heavy isotopes (Pb, Sr) thermal ionization massspectrometry (TIMS) Combined techniques GC Isotope Archaeology applications of MS in archaeology1769. INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASSSPECTROMETRY (ICP MS) Types of ICP Comparison with other Instrument Splitting hairs archaeological applications of ICP MS208 Contentsvi cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA.

7 M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore informationPART III SOME BASIC Chemistry FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS21510. ATOMS, ISOTOPES, ELECTRON ORBITALS,AND THE PERIODIC The discovery of subatomic The Bohr Rutherford model of the Stable and radioactive The quantum The periodic table24311. VALENCY, BONDING, AND Atoms and Bonds between Intermolecular Lewis structures and the shapes of Introduction to organic Isomers26912. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC Electromagnetic Particle wave Emission lines and the Rydberg Absorption of EM radiation by matter Beer s The EM spectrum and spectrochemical Synchrotron radiation29013. PRACTICAL ISSUES IN Analytical Some basic procedures in Analytical Sample preparation for trace element and residue Standards for Calibration procedures and estimation of Quality assurance procedures319 Epilogue322 Appendices326I Scientific notation326II Significant figures327 III Seven basic SI units328IV Physical constants329V Greek notation330VI Chemical symbols and isotopes of the elements331 VII Electronic configuration of the elements(to radon, Z 86)335 Contentsvii cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA.

8 M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore informationVIII Some common inorganic and organic samplepreparation methods used in archaeology337IX General safe practice in the laboratory340X COSHH assessments342 References350 Index391 Contentsviii cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore Schematic diagram of an AAS Beam chopper in Schematic diagram of an ICP Schematic comparison of limits of detection in solution forvarious absorption/emission A decision tree for allocating European Bronze Agecopper alloys to metal Copper sulfate pentaquo Schematic diagram of a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging Vibrational modes of a nonlinear triatomic molecule such as Infrared correlation Schematic diagram of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Infrared absorption spectrum of phosphomolybdenum blue Measurement of crystallinity index from IR spectrum of bone Infrared absorption spectrum of amber from the Baltic FT Raman spectrum of mammalian The X-ray emission and Auger Electronic transitions giving rise to the K X-ray emission spectrum of K and L absorption edges of X-ray tube output Comparison of EDXRF and WDXRF detection Interaction of a beam of primary electrons with a thin solid Derivation of Bragg s law of X-ray A Debye Scherrer powder camera for X-ray Schematic diagram of the nuclear processes involved in Diagram of classical liquid column Diagram of a TLC Derivatization of organic acid and alcohol Schematic diagram of a gas chromatography (GC) Schematic diagram of a high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC)

9 Possible transformation processes of residues in or on pottery Structures of some fatty acids and sterols found inarchaeological 2-methylbutadiene (C5H8), the isoprene unit Some diagnostic triterpenoid compounds from birch bark Some triterpenoid compounds found in mastic (Pistaciaresin) C40wax ester157ix cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA. M. Pollard, C. M. Batt, B. Stern and S. M. M. YoungFrontmatterMore Potential biomarkers in Schematic diagram of electron impact (EI) source for mass Schematic diagrams of single focusing and double focusingmass Schematic diagram of a quadrupole mass Typical total ion count (TIC) of a bitumen extract froman archaeological shard obtained by GC Mass chromatogram form/z Mass spectrum of C34n-alkane (C34H70) Relationship between bone collagen carbon isotope ratioand latitude for modern carnivorous terrestrial Variations in mammalian bone collagen carbon and nitrogenisotope values over the last 40 000 radiocarbon Carbon isotope composition of human bone collagen fromthe lower Illinois Valley, North Carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen plotted againstradiocarbon ages for British Mesolithic and Neolithic Kernel density estimate of the lead isotope data for partof the Troodos orefield, The number of published scientific papers (1981 2003)

10 Withkeywords relating to ICP and Schematic diagram of a quadrupole ICP Schematic diagram of a multicollector ICP MS (MC ICP MS) The first and second ionization energies for selected ICP MS survey data from masses 203 to Examples of calibration lines produced during ICP MS Sensitivity as a function of mass number in ICP MS Trace element profile along a single hair using LA ICP REE abundances from archaeological glass, showing theeffect of chondrite Thomson s method for measuringe/m, the mass-to-chargeratio of an The radioactive stability of the Schematic diagram of the four common modes of radioactive Shapes of thes,p, anddatomic Energy levels of atomic The modern extended periodic Simple model of valency and Electronegativity values ( ) for the Arrangement of atoms in an ionic solid such as Metallic Covalent Variation of bond energy with interatomic distance forthe hydrogen van der Waals bond caused by the creation of aninstantaneous dipole259 Figuresx cambridge University University Press978-0-521-65209-4 - Analytical Chemistry in ArchaeologyA.