ANTI CORRUPTION ACADEMY OF NIGERIA

1 1 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l anti CORRUPTION ACADEMY OF NIGERIA CORRUPTION PREVENTION training manual Abuja, 2017 anti - CORRUPTION ACADEMY of NIGERIA , 2017, All rights reserved Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union under the project Support to anti - CORRUPTION in NIGERIA implemented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This report has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of European Union or the United Nations. 2 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following persons ought to be acknowledged for researching and contributing to the production of this manual : (1) Lawrence Adeokun, a retired Professor of Demography and Behavioral change Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife; NIGERIA ; (2) Emmanuel Igbo, Professor of criminology and criminal justice, University of NIGERIA , Nsukka, Enugu state, NIGERIA ; (3) James Ayangunna, senior lecturer, department of social work, University of Ibadan, NIGERIA .

2 (4) Bonaventure Nwokeoma, lecturer, department of sociology and anthropology, University of NIGERIA , Nsukka, Enugu state, NIGERIA ; (5) Aloysius Odii, research fellow, department of sociology and anthropology, University of NIGERIA , Nsukka, Enugu state, NIGERIA ; (6) Jerry Ombugadu Musa, research fellow, faculty of law, Nasarawa state University, Keffi, Nasarawa state; (7) Godwin Oche, Programme Manager, anti - CORRUPTION ACADEMY of NIGERIA , Keffi; (8) Femi Ajayi, Project Officer with UNODC; (9) Oluwafemi Ladapo, Project Officer with UNODC. Sola Akinrinade, Professor and Provost of ACAN deserves appreciation for providing the needed environment for the entire process of this manual to run smoothly and successful.

3 Our appreciation also goes to the secretariat comprising of the following persons: (1) Aloysius Odii; (2) Akindele Ogunleye; (3) Faison Mark and (4) Jerry Musa their editorial input is invaluable The following staff of UNODC also contributed in different ways to the process of developing this manual : Polleak Ok Serei, Jesse Wachanga, Adebayo Olorunmaye, Sylvester Atere, Princess Chifiero, Akeem Sule, Margaret Eheli, Yvonne Dioka and Ebele Oputa. 3 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l INTRODUCTION There is widespread consensus on the disastrous consequences of CORRUPTION , evidenced in many cross country studies (Lambsdorff 2007).

4 This has called for action. For more than 20 years, anti - CORRUPTION has been on the agenda of governments, companies and international organizations. As Africa s most populous country and as one of the world s fastest-growing economies, NIGERIA is not immune to CORRUPTION challenges. Strengthening integrity and reducing CORRUPTION has been a priority for NIGERIA for a number of years. CORRUPTION continues to be a significant impediment to economic growth and social advancement while discouraging business investments, adding to the high cost of doing business and undermining the confidence of the people of NIGERIA in its own governance and rule of law. Various reports on NIGERIA have highlighted the reactive position of the anti - CORRUPTION Agencies (ACAs) towards fighting CORRUPTION and the fact that this been largely on law enforcement, while preventive mechanisms and public education and support have been underused and under-resourced.

5 This is problematic given the sophisticated nature of CORRUPTION in NIGERIA and the difficulty of detection. A predominantly enforcement focus neglects the potentially effective area of prevention which, given the low cost baseline starting point, could yield significant benefits at comparatively low cost. There is an obvious lack of strategies to prevent the underlying causes of CORRUPTION as well as of coordination among ACAs with complementary mandates on anti - CORRUPTION prevention. Developing strategies for preventing CORRUPTION will also call for building capacities of ACAs in areas like integrity building within the system and putting in place structures that ensure probity and promotes accountability in the conduct of public administration.

6 This training manual is an attempt to lay a foundation for capacity building in CORRUPTION prevention and has been designed to cover all leading themes in CORRUPTION prevention, expose participants to rigorous theoretical knowledge and practical hands-on in CORRUPTION prevention experience. Its target participants, who must have current or prior experience in related anti - CORRUPTION and oversight work, include staff of NIGERIA s anti - CORRUPTION Agencies, public and business establishments, civil society organizations, academic institutions, etc. 4 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l INDEX OF training TOOLS 5 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l 6 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACAN anti - CORRUPTION ACADEMY of NIGERIA AML/CFT anti Money Laundering and Combating of the Financing of Terrorism AU African Union BPP Bureau of Public Procurement CBCN Catholic Bishops Conference of NIGERIA CCB Code of Conduct Bureau CCBS Crime and CORRUPTION Business Surveys CEC Council of Europe Conventions COSP Conference of State Parties CPI

7 CORRUPTION Perception Index CRA CORRUPTION Risk Assessment DNFI Designated Non-Financial Institutions ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFCC Economic and Financial Crimes Commission EU European Union FATF Financial Action Task Force FCPA Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ICAC Independent Commission against CORRUPTION ICCBS International Crime against Business Surveys ICPC Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission IRB Institutional Review Board OAS Organization of American States OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 7 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l CONTENT MODULE 1.

8 0 INTRODUCTION TO CORRUPTION PREVENTION Chapter Perspectives on CORRUPTION Introduction Defining CORRUPTION - conceptual considerations and concrete offences Types of CORRUPTION Causes of CORRUPTION Consequences of CORRUPTION CORRUPTION perception Chapter CORRUPTION perception Introduction CORRUPTION perception Factors that influence how CORRUPTION is perceived Common excuses for CORRUPTION Chapter Understanding the legal and institutional framework of CORRUPTION prevention application Introduction CORRUPTION in NIGERIA International anti - CORRUPTION legal and institutional frameworks Nigerian anti - CORRUPTION legal and institutional frameworks Chapter CORRUPTION prevention plan Introduction Why the interest in CORRUPTION prevention Organizational strategies for CORRUPTION prevention Developing a CORRUPTION prevention plan Sustaining a CORRUPTION prevention plan MODULE 2.

9 0 CORRUPTION PREVENTION METHODS AND CASE STUDIES Chapter CORRUPTION prevention methods Introduction Education/public enlightenment/Civil society Preventing CORRUPTION through reforms Reporting platform Effective ICT Application Ethical revival and shaming Effective Monitoring and surveillance Improving Internal Control Mechanism Separation of Duties and Job Rotation Review of the various methods of CORRUPTION prevention 8 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l Chapter Factors mitigating against CORRUPTION prevention methods Introduction The problem of definition Lack of Political will Lack of synergy (conflicting report) Lack of societal norms Weak Institution Weak reporting culture Chapter Response to CORRUPTION Introduction Designing an effective response Delay in responding to CORRUPTION MODULE 3.

10 0 BASIC RESEARCH METHODS IN CORRUPTION PREVENTION Chapter Overview of social research methods in CORRUPTION prevention Understanding social research methods in CORRUPTION prevention Types of social research Types of CORRUPTION research Chapter Research ethics in CORRUPTION prevention Introduction Research Integrity Ethical board approval Voluntary participation Anonymity and Confidentiality Permission to participate in research-informed consent Plagiarism Chapter Data collection for CORRUPTION prevention research Introduction Basic concepts in data collection Quantitative approaches in CORRUPTION prevention research Questionnaire method Qualitative approaches in CORRUPTION prevention research Chapter An outline of normal research activity on CORRUPTION Introduction The problem Formulation Stage The Design Stage The Field/Data Collection Stage The Data Analysis Stage/Reporting 9 | P a g e C o r r u p t i o n P r e v e n t i o n T r a i n i n g M a n u a l MODULE 4.